NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



Apple Orchard, Fungicides' in the. By Charles Brook {U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn., New Hamp., Bull. 161, July 1912). — A number of experi- 

 ments with various fungicides are discussed. Bordeaux mixture 

 gave best results, followed closely by lime-sulphur, the latter proving 

 especially effective against scab. 



Lead arseniate was found to be the only satisfactory insecticide 

 to add to above fungicides.— C. P. C. 



Apple Packing in Boxes. By E. Meeking (Jour. Dep. Agr. Victoria, 

 Nov. 1913, p. 702). — When the case has been properly packed, the top 

 should show a bulge of about ij inch. The top is fastened by 

 nailing a cleat at one end and then pressing the top to the other end 

 of the case, where it is fastened by another cleat. The pressure 

 thus brought upon the fruit should reduce the bulge on top by one- 

 half, and, of course, cause a bulge of corresponding dimensions on the 

 bottom of the case. The bulge in a properly packed case should 

 thus be about f of an inch both top and bottom. — C. H. H. 



Apple Picking : from " Hints on Packing and Forwarding Fruit for 

 Export." By J. G. Turner [Jour. Dep. Agr., Victoria, March 1914, 

 p. 155). — In general, it may be stated that the fruit is fit to pick when 

 the pips have changed from their original light tint to a brown tint, 

 but this, in itself, is not always sufficient. The fruit should be well 

 developed, but not fully ripe. Some amount of colour should be 

 developed in red varieties of apples. Undersized fruits should be 

 left on the tree for home requirements, or may be left to develop for 

 later pickings. Fruit should not be picked unless dry. Gather it 

 in the early part of the day, before it becomes warm by the heat of 

 the sun. Avoid all bruising ; use a light pointed ladder shaped some- 

 thing like an elongated A. Do not shake or drag the fruit from the 

 trees. Cut or break each fruit off at the spur. The picked fruit 

 should be placed in a bag worn in the same manner as an apron, and 

 made so that it may be opened at the bottom, thus allowing the 

 fruit to run out into the boxes with a minimum of bruises. Before 

 packing, the fruit should be cooled off, by being run into the shade 

 of a fruit-shed or store-room, where it will get a chance to lower its 

 temperature ; this will also assist in drying any moisture, and will 

 toughen the skin and add to the chances of successful carriage. 



C. H. H. 



Apple, The ' Rough-Bark ' Disease of Yellow Newtown. By 



John W. Roberts [U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind., Bull. 280; 1913).— 

 The writer has given the name of Phomopsis mali to the fungus which 

 causes this disease, and describes it as a new species very similar to, 

 but differing from, Phoma mali. 



The Yellow Newtown apple is the only variety of apple known by 

 the author to be susceptible to the disease. The smaller branches can 

 be girdled and killed outright, but the larger limbs and trunk are only 

 injured locally and badly roughened. 



