350 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



Veronica four, Digitalis three species ; also Acanthus mollis. It is 

 remarkable to find Pinguicula and four Plantagos as garden plants. 



The Woodruff, two Galiums, and Madder were grown, and also the 

 Elder, two Viburnums, and three Honeysuckles. 



There were two Centranthus, four Valerians, and Valerianella 

 olitoria, also Dipsacus Fullonum, Knautia, and two Scabious. Amongst 

 Cucurbitaceae were Momordicas, Bryony, Citrullus, Colocynth, Cucum- 

 ber, and Melon, but there was only one Campanula (C. Medium) and 

 Jasione montana. 



The Compositae consisted of Eupatorium, Solidago, Daisy, Aster 

 amellus, Helichrysum, Inula, Xanthium, Bidens, Ambrosia, Anthemis 

 {iouT spp.), Achillea (six^spp.), Matricaria, Chrysanthemum (C. coro- 

 narium. Ox-eye Daisy, and C. Balsamita), Artemisia (twelve spp.). 

 Colt's-foot and Petasites, Arnica, Doronicum, cordatum, Senecio (five spp.). 

 Calendula, Echinops, Carlina, Cirsium, Cynara Scolymus, Silybum, Ono- 

 pordon, Centaur ea (four spp.), Carthamus, Cnicus, Scolymus, Chicory, 

 Endives, Tragopogon, Scorzonera, Lactuca, and many others. 



These medieval gardeners had also to contend with the same weeds 

 as are still ubiquitous enemies to-day. Couch-grass, Polygonum 

 Aviculare, Chickweed, Buttercup, Veronica hederifolia, Groundsel, 

 Dandelion, and Sowthistles are specially marked as weeds, as well, no 

 doubt, as many others in the above hsts. 



There were not many double flowers, yet Roses, Ranunculus, Daisies, 

 Violets, Daffodils, and others are mentioned. They noticed and 

 cultivated any flowers of unusual colours, but, as the author points out, 

 plants were studied chiefxy for their medicinal and other useful 

 properties, though anything strange or peculiar might also be selected. 



We think also, from certain remarks of the author, that even then 

 plants were grown chiefly because none of the gardener's friends 

 possessed them, and not for any particular beauty or property of the 

 plants themselves. 



Most plants seem to be have been either mid-European natives 

 or introduced from the Mediterranean region ; some, perhaps, from the 

 East. The Tulip, e.g., came from Constantinople or Cappadocia, and 

 many varieties were grown at Vienna in 1575. The Hyacinth was 

 probably known to the Romans, but was forgotten in the middle ages, 

 though there is a herbarium specimen dated 1532 in Italy (Gherardo 

 Cibo). It was figured in 1560, and Lobel saw it in 1562 in Pavia ; but 

 Clusius, in 1582-1587, seems to have been the first to cultivate varieties 

 of it. 



Crete was an important centre of medicinal plants, but it was not 

 until the end of the sixteenth century that many plants from this 

 island were introduced. 



Aloe vera (from India) was known in Italy in 1415, but did not 

 reach Germany till 1539. There are several other Indian plants in 

 the list. 



There are many other interesting remarks in this paper, but this 

 abstract has already become a little overgrown. — G. F. S. E. 



