NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



359 



Vegetation, Indicator Significance of, in Tovele gValley, Utah. 

 By T. H. Kearney, L. J. Briggs, H. L. Shantz, J. W. McLane, 

 and R. L. Piemeisel (Jour. Agr. Research, i. pp. 365-418, Feb. 1914 ; 

 plates). — After describing the soils, climate, and geology of the region 

 under investigation, an attempt is made to classify the types of vegeta- 

 tion, the following types being recognized : — " Sage-brush association " 

 (Artemisia tridentata dominant) ; " Sand-hill mixed association '* 

 (Artemisia tridentata, Juniperus utahensis, Chrysothamnus nauseosus 

 albicaulis dominant) ; Kochia association (Kochia vestita) ; Shadscale 

 association (Atriplex confertijolia) ; Greasewood-shadscale association 

 (Sarcobatus vermiculatus and Atriplex conjertijolia) ; Grass-flat com- 

 munities (Distichlis spicata, Sporobolus airoides, Chrysothamnus 

 graveolens glabratus); and Salt-flat communities (Allenrolfea occidentalism 

 Salicornia utahensis, and S. rubra). Each of these associations is then 

 dealt with in detail, and the botanical composition, soil characteristics, 

 &c., given, together with excellent plates and numerous diagrams of 

 root systems, adaptations, and the like. — F. /. C. 



White Fly, The Greenhouse. By A. W. Morrill (U.S.A. Dep. 

 Agr., Bur. Entom., Circ. 57 ; i fig.). — The damage done by the greenhouse 

 white fly (Aleyrodes vapor ariorum Westw.) to tomato, cucumber, and 

 many other plants easily places it in the front rank of greenhouse pests. 

 It occurs in Europe, Canada, Mexico, and is widely distributed through- 

 out the Eastern United States. Fumigation seems to be the best 

 remedy. — V, G. J, 



White Grubs, Common. By John J. Davis (U.S.A.^'Dep. Agr., 

 Farm. Bull. 543, July 1913 ; 12 figs.). — These grubs (Lachnosterna spp.) 

 have for years been recognized as a serious pest to farm crops, notably 

 corn and timoth}^, while strawberries, potatos, and nursery plantings, 

 particularly conifers, have all been frequently and seriously affected. 



Knowledge of their life-histories is very meagre, there being only 

 one pubHshed record, involving a single species, in which an individual 

 belonging to this genus has been raised from egg to adult. The life- 

 cycle may be two or three years, or may extend over a period of four 

 years, as is the case in a closely-related European species (Melolontha 

 vulgaris L.). Fall ploughing, and the turning loose over infected areas 

 of pigs and poultry (particularly turkeys) when the ploughing is in 

 progress, prove of great service in controlling the pest. — F. G. J. 



Woodliee, The Economic Importance of. By W. E. CoUinge 

 (Jour. Bd. Agr., vol. xxi. No. 3, pp. 206-212 ; plate). — The article 

 deals at some length with the hfe-histories and habits of the more 

 common species of woodliee, which on occasion cause serious loss 

 to horticulturists. Under the heading of " Preventive and Remedia 

 Measures " it is said that there is no doubt that neglect to clean out 

 outhouses, potting sheds, and similar places, from time to time, has 

 much to do with the increase of woodliee. Again, rubbish heaps 

 are frequently left to afford admirable breeding-places. A long 

 series of outdoor tests with baits was made in order to find out what 



