THE DOUBLE STOCK, ITS HISTORY AND BEHAVIOUR. 453 



Walle Gyllofer, to quote the form under which the Enghsh names 

 then appeared, are to be found thirteen years later (1581) in the 

 enlarged Flemish edition of the Herbal of another Belgian botanist, 

 DE l'Obel,* a contemporary of Dodoens ; it is this figure of the 

 double Stock which is repeatedly copied in many of the later Herbals. 

 It is to be noted that from the first moment at which we have any 

 reference to the double Stock we find it depicted as we know it 

 to-day, so fully double as to be absolutely sterile. Dodoens 

 does not mention this fact in regard to the double Stock, though he 

 remarks in passing of the double Wallflower that it is so double as 

 to produce no sihquas, but de l'Obel and Pen a f state specifically that 

 this is the case in both plants. According to their account flowers 

 larger and double follow as the result of special treatment and frequent 

 transplantation ; such flowers, they further add, are then, Hke the 

 Martian (= true) Violet, destitute of seed, and the figures referred to 

 above bear out this statement. Several of Dodoens' contemporaries, 

 notably Dalechamps,J Camerarius,§ and Theodorus (Tabernae- 

 MONTANUS) II mention the double Wallflower, and specially allude to 

 the absence in this form of both seeds and siliquas, but none of these 

 three writers appears to have been acquainted at this date with the 

 double Stock, for they make no mention of it. Reference is made 

 to both forms, however, by Gaspard Bauhin ^ in 1596, and by 

 Gerarde ** in 1597. 



I have thought it of some interest in this connexion to give in 

 the following table a list of some of the botanical works which appeared 

 between 1530 and 1600, arranged in chronological order, so that 

 it may be seen at a glance when and where we meet with mention 

 of the double form of each of the three plants, Violet, Stock, and 

 Wallflower. For, since these three plants were then frequently described 

 together under the name Viola, we may suppose that where the double 

 form of one is mentioned that of the others would also be included if 

 it were known to the author. 



It will be noticed that in the earhest work quoted — Brunfels' 

 " Herbal " (1532 edition) — we find no mention of any of the three 

 doubles. Double Violets are mentioned by C. Estienne (C. Stephanus) 

 in 1535, by Ruellius in 1536, again by Estienne in a later edition 

 of his work in 1545, by Dodoens in 1554, by Gesner in 1560, and in 

 all the later works here quoted. The double Wallflower, like the 

 double Stock, appears first in this list in 1568, but in later works we 

 find that it is frequently mentioned by writers who make no reference 

 to the double Stock. Towards the end of the century both are 

 constantly described. 



From the evidence before us we may, I think, safely conclude that 



* Kruydthoeck, Flemish edition, 1581. See also Planiarum seu sHrpium 

 icones, 1581. 



t Stirpium adversaria nova, 1570. J Historia Plantarum, 1587. 



§ Hortus medicus, 1588. y Neuw Kreuterbuch, 1591. 



*|I Phyiopinax. *♦ The Herball. 



