•24*2 JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 



interesting article on the garden Chrysanthemum, giving a history of 

 the plant, an account of its origin as far as that is known, and a 

 chapter on the classification of varieties according to : 



(1) presumed origin; 



(2) aptitudes and habit; 



(3) form of the flowers. 



M. Conillard considers that- none of the existing systems of classifi- 

 cation are really satisfactory. It is by no means certain that there 

 were distinctive Chinese, Japanese, or Indian forms; and again, what 

 is the mathematical difference in size between a large-flowered and a 

 small-flow^ered Chrysanthemum? what is the exact moment of time 

 w^hich separates an early from a late flowering variety? or what, amid 

 the marked changes which our modern methods of cultivation make in 

 colour, appearance, and date of flowering would be the exact scientific 

 formula which should define a decorative Chrysanthemum? He sug- 

 gests that the perfect system of classification of the future will be 

 based upon a study of the form of the ray florets and semi-florets > 

 which give the flower its distinctive appearance. — M. L. H. 



Codling- Moth, New Sprays for the. By C. P. Gillette {Jour. 

 Econ. Entom. iii. pt. 1, pp. 29-32; February 1910).— Sulphide of 

 arsenic was used in comparison with lead arsenate. It was made by 

 precipitation of arsenic with hydrogen sulphide. The washed precipi- 

 tate was dissolved in lime sulphur solution of the usual strength. The 

 idea in using this instead of lead arsenate is that it is not soluble in 

 water and is therefore not likely to produce the alleged arsenical 

 poisoning of fruit trees. Good results were obtained against codling 

 moth, for while the control trees gave only 58.9 per cent, of sound 

 apples the sprayed trees gave 93.6 per cent. Nicotine preparations 

 protected the trees to some extent, but were less efficient than the 

 arsenical compounds. — F. J. C. 



Codling- Moth, Spraying- for the. By W. E. Rumsey (U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn., W. Va., Dep. Entom., Bull. 127; March 1910; 2 plates, 

 4 tables, and diagram's). — Entomologists in the Eastern States use a 

 fine mist-like spray with a medium amount of pressure, applied two 

 to four times during the season, the first spraying just after the petals 

 fall. Their Western colleagues think that a coarse high-pressure spray 

 applied once at the right time (just after the petals fall) will give as 

 good, if not better, results as three or four mist-sprays, their reason 

 being that with the high-pressure spray the poison is forced into the 

 calyx cup of the forming apple, where it remains ready to be eaten by 

 the young worm when it begins to mine into the apple through the 

 calyx end; while with a mist spray no poison is put into this cavity, but 

 is left within the surface of the outer calyx cup, and thus is less likely 

 to be eaten by the worm. 



This is a preliminary report comparing Eastern and Western 

 methods, and so far as the investigations have proceeded there is little 

 to choose between the two. — V. G. J. 



