NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



247 



But the general results of the experiments in Sti. Kitts, Monserrat 

 and Antigua are that no appreciable increase is traceable to the applica- 

 tion of manures. 



If used they might be considered as an investment towards future 

 fertility.— C. H. L. 



Cotton in the Leeward Islands, Manurial Experiments with. 



By H. A. Tempany {West Indian Bull. vol. xi., No. 1, p. 60, 1910).. 

 — These notes are a continuation of those given in preceding 

 nurabers as to the effect of manure on cotton, and the result gives no 

 cause for altering the opinion laid down in vol. x. p. 273, viz., that 

 under conditions obtaining on the Leeward Islands, with soils in 

 moderately good tilth, the application of natural and artificial manures 

 is unremunerative. 



The experiments cover a period of six years. — C. H. L. 



Crown-g-all and Hairy-root of the Apple Tree, Field Studies 



of the. By G. G. Hedgcock (U.S.A. Dep. Agr., Bur. PI. Ind., 

 Bull. 186, November 1910, plates). — This disease is variously known 

 as ''galls," crown-gall, " crown-knot," "hairy-root," ''woolly- 

 knot," "broom-root," "root-knots," "root galls," and "tumours." 

 The present bulletin deals with the disease as manifested in the apple 

 and the author concludes as the result of experiment, that, in spite of 

 the apprehension of many growers and investigators, " in the case of 

 the milder and usual forms of the disease little or no injury is appreci- 

 able in young orchards. More intense forms may be injurious, but in 

 an orchard these rarely develop from the milder forms." 



The form of the galls varies in the apple, " soft " and " hard " 

 galls being distinguished. The former are most common on young 

 trees and vary in size from a pea to a man's head. They originate in 

 wounds and become coarsely convoluted through unequal growth and 

 curled and distorted masses of wood cells and vessels are gradually 

 formed within the softer tissues. They do not produce roots from 

 their surface and often decay at the end of the growing season. The 

 hard crown galls usually occur on older roots. They are at first 

 similar to the soft galls but later become covered with bark and develop 

 a woody interior. They do not decay but enlarge in the next season, 

 and they often produce roots from their surface. In addition to the 

 galls four forms of " hairy-root " are distinguished. The first is termed 

 " simple hairy-root" and is most common on seedlings. It takes the 

 form oi numerous succulent roots growing out at right angles either 

 singly or in tufts from an older root or stem. The second form — the 

 " woolly-knot " form — is common on older seedlings and budded trees. 

 In this numerous similar roots develop from a swelling on an older 

 root or from one of the hard galls. The " broom-root " form occurs 

 mostly in the Missouri Eiver district on budded and grafted trees. 

 It consists of numerous succulent roots developed by the repeated 

 branching of root ends, which usually grow upwards from their point of 

 origin towards the surface of the soil. The fourth " aerial " form 



