NOTES AND ABSTKACTS. 



249 



turnip, parsnip, lettuce, and willow. In many cases the disease may 

 be readily transmitted from one plant to another. 



The authors beheve that the attack is of serious moment, particu- 

 larly in certain plants, and that though it progresses slowly, it stunts 

 the plant first and finally destroys it, unless removed by extirpation, 

 or by the development of increased resistance on the part of the plant. 

 While the organism is moderately susceptible to the action of germi- 

 cides, it cannot be reached in the tissues of the plants, nor is extir- 

 pation of the diseased tissues and subsequent treatment with germicides 

 always satisfactory. 



The authors recommend the continuance of rigid State inspection 

 with rejection of diseased nursery stock. 



Some interesting and suggestive comparisons between this disease 

 and tumours, &c., in animals are made, and the discovery of a new 

 disease on sugar beet (q.v.) is announced. — F. J. C. 



Crown Gall," occurrence in England {Jour. Bd. Agr. vol. 

 xvii. p. 617, November 1910; plate). — A well-known and destructive 

 disease in U.S.A., has occurred in England on plum, rose, raspberry 

 and chrysanthemum plants. Galls occur on crown or collar region of 

 stem and vary in size from a pea to that of a cricket-ball. Though doubt 

 exists as to the exact organism, there is no dispute as to the cause being 

 the presence of a living organism. When trees are not badly diseased 

 development may be arrested by removing the galls, and covering the 

 wounds with a paste com^posed of 1 part sulphate of iron, 2 parts 

 sulphate of copper, 3 parts quicklime. The most economical course is 

 to remove and burn all infected trees and work quicklime into the 

 soil.— S. 



Crown-rot, Arsenical Poisoning* and Winter Injury. By J. G. 



Grossenbacher (U.S.A. Exp. Stn., New York, Tech. Bull. 12; 

 December 1909; 8 plates). — The terms crown-rot and collar-rot are 

 indefinite, as they include a rotting of the upper roots and sometimes 

 partial decortication of the -trunks. They may be regarded as group 

 names to designate fruit-tree injuries which usually begin at the collar, 

 near the ground line, and frequently at the uppermost roots, and 

 extend both up and down, browning and killing both bark and wood. 

 This kind of injury is more or less destructive throughout the best 

 apple-growing States. 



The first indication of injury is sometimes the early yellowing of the 

 foliage in the autumn, such trees being found to have wounds at their 

 crowns or about the upper end of the stocks. In an orchard of 170 

 Ben Davis trees nineteen were found to be affected, and of these six 

 were so bad as to justify their destruction. The injuries consisted in 

 many cases of long narrow dead regions with more or less decayed 

 bark surrounded by thin irregular callus ridges of two to three years' 

 growth. Some trees had only one to three wounds around their crowns 

 ranging from one-half to three inches wide and from two to five inches 



