NOTES AND ABSTRACTS. 



613 



mended to dig the seedlings in the fall and heel them in till about 

 December, when they may be taken in for grafting, each individual 

 being either grafted at the crown, or the root is cut up into three or four 

 pieces and each one grafted, after which the grafts are packed in sand 

 or moss and stored in a cool cellar till the spring, when they are planted 

 out in the nursery row (p. 103). Some kinds are stated to thrive 

 much better if double -worked. Northern Spy being often chosen for 

 the intermediate stock. Tompkins King is one of those recommended 

 for this increased attention. The dwarf tree in the English sense does 

 not appear to find favour in the States, and the writer holds that for 

 the commercial grower it has proved entirely unsatisfactory (p. 104). 

 The low-headed standard, in which the head starts at about two feet 

 from the ground in the case of most varieties, is the form usually 

 preferred. Baldwin and Ehode Island Greening are pre-eminently the 

 leading varieties of New England, but Northern Spy is specially 

 recommended for planting at altitudes above 1,000 feet. Trees which 

 have their roots well cut back are held to thrive just as well as those 

 with elaborate root systems more or less intact, thus confirming the 

 results at Woburn. As fibrous roots on a young tree are of little 

 value when transplanting, the vitality of the tree depending more upon 

 the energy stored up in its stem than upon its root development, trees 

 with small root systems are to be preferred, as they are more expe- 

 ditiously planted (p. 126). — A. P.. 



Apple-g'rowingr in New England : the Industry and Orchard 

 Renovation. By 0. D. Jarvis {U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Conn., Bull. 61; 

 Jan. 1910; 29 figs.). — The apple crop of the United States has been 

 diminishing during recent years, while there has been an increased 

 demand for it not only from England, but from the continent of 

 Europe. This, combined with the higher prices now obtainable, 

 should make apple-growing a profitable investment, and his favourable 

 position should give the New England grower a decided advantage over 

 his western rivals (pp. 72 and 73). Neglected orchards are very 

 common in these States, but many are now being taken in hand and, 

 by pruning, cleaning, beheading and grafting, brought into good 

 bearing condition, one orchard, the trees in which were seriously 

 infested with scale and were making practically no growth, having 

 produced an average of nine bushels to the tree four years after 

 renovation. — A. P. 



Apple in Pennsylvania, The : Varieties, Planting-, and General 



Care. By J. P. Stewart {U.S.A. Exp. Stn., Penn., Bull. 106; Dec. 

 1910; 3 figs.).- — In planting trees it is recommended to place the sides 

 with the heavier roots towards the prevailing winds, and in forming the 

 heads to adopt the dichotomous system on a tripod base (p. 10). The 

 minimum of pruning is advocated, such as is necessary being done by 

 pinching and training in early summer rather than by cutting out 

 branches in the dormant season. — A. P. 



