NOTES AND ABSTEACTS. 



637 



a large number of other plants, a list of which is given. The larvse 

 generally burrow just .through the rind, and the burrows frequently 

 serve as a point of attack for various fungi. The fruit is frequently 

 caused to fall prematurely. The moth lays its eggs on the leaves, and 

 there appear to be several broods during the year. It is recommended 

 that wormy oranges should be picked up and destroyed. — F. J. C. 



Orchapd, Management of a Bearing-. By J. G. Moore {U.S.A. 

 Exp. Stn., Wisconsin, Bull] 207; April 1911; 14 figs.). — Summer 

 pruning is stated to be a devitalizing process which, if followed for 

 any considerable period, causes a decline in both the vigour and the 

 fruitfulness of the tree, and is not recommended as a general practice. 

 With the climatic conditions of Wisconsin late winter or early spring 

 is preferable to early winter for prunmg, as in the latter Cjase the 

 wounds make no progress towards healing till the spring, thus per- 

 mitting more rapid evaporation from the tissues of the tree and forming 

 shelters for various pests (p. 18). It is recommended to prune mature 

 trees annually instead of at intervals of several years, as the latter 

 method induces a vigorous and vegetative growth which runs largely 

 to the production of watery spray, and so upsets the balanced growth 

 of the tree (p. 22). The three worst pests in the orchards of this 

 State are the weevil, the codling moth, and the apple scab (p. 26). 



, A. P. 



Orchard, Notes on a Dry Land. By J. E. Payne {U.S.A. Exp. 

 Stn., Colorado, Bull. 173; Nov. 1910; 2 plates). — Details are given of 

 the root-systems and general development of trees planted at different 

 depths. Deep planting did not decrease the rate of growth nor alter 

 materially the position of the feeding roots. — A. P. 



Orchard, Planting- the Commercial. By J. G. Moore {U.S.A. 



Exp. Stn., Wisconsin, Bull. 201; Feb. 1911; 15 figs.). — Wisconsin is 

 expected to become a great apple-producing State, though its severe 

 winter has been against commercial apple-planting in the past. The 

 writer maintains that there are many districts where the climatic 

 conditions are as favourable to the production of adaped varieties as 

 in many of the famous apple regions, and discusses in considerable 

 detail the routine operation in planting a commercial orchard. He 

 lays stress on the advisability of planting in the early spring rather 

 than in the autumn, sO' as to avoid the winter-killing of the trees 

 (p. 24) ; of withholding manure from newly-planted trees, on the ground 

 that it delays the early development of an extensive root system 

 (p. 29); and of selecting only two or three varieties that are known to 

 be specially adapted to. their future environment (p. 34). ' Wealthy ' 

 and ' Duchess ' are the two varieties most successfully grown in this 

 State, very high grade fruit of these being produced, and it is pointed 

 , out that even in the great apple-growing districts of the West each has 

 :two or three varieties, or even only one, which can be grown 

 I successfully. — A. P. 



