1837.] 



Languages and Nations. 



151 



or partly by adding a letter or syllable (not to mention the prefixes), 

 and partly by inventing new words, many of which were certainly 

 onamatopoietic. Words whioh were formed by modifying the primitive 

 root, always expressed ideas related to the meaning of that root; e. g. the 

 original meaning of the primitive root of the Hebrew word karan t*^P 



or in Greek, Kaprjvov, seems to have been, skull ; but this root (kar o% 

 har) variously augmented, was applied to all which is about the skull, e.g. 

 the hair, the horn (of animals) &c. and then, secondarily, such a modi- 

 fied and augmented word was used to express cognate ideas ; as, hard- 

 ness, strength, confidence, superiority, &c. If it is remembered that 

 the dual and plural forms of karan (in Chaldaic also karnah) are, 

 karnayim, kranayim and kranoth, the correctness of the following 

 etymologies will appear still more evident. 



The primitive root, then, is har, and one of the first modifications is 

 Kaprj ; further modifications of har are haran, karan and kran, and a 

 modification of K apr] is icpas. From these modifications the following 

 families of words have sprung : 



f Hair (English) = haar (German). 

 (Haran) horn (G. and Engl.) = cornu ; hirn (G.)==brain. 

 corn = korn (G.) == grain j 



cerebrum ; — 



tcaprj....^ Ka p eia p and icpaipw, fccpas, (cepcnos and 



Har < Kpm , 



Karan. . . . icaprjvov ; — Kopu)vrj= (summitas et) corona. 



Kran f Kpavou, Kpavo?) (galea); Kpaviov = cranium* 

 KpaveiovS icpaveia — cornus, 



(having hard stones), 

 crinis, (only used of the hair of the head) 

 Kprjvrj, a spring, or head of a brook. 



From Kepa^, KepaT09 f the horn, the symbol of strength, are cer- 

 tainly derived those words in the Greek and other languages, which 

 denote strength, superiority and government; as, KpaTos, Kpareco, as 

 well as the word, hard, (Eng.) = hart (German). — The word icoipa* 

 I/O?, comes most probably from karan ; and icvpios from the simpler 

 root, kar; just as herus in Latin, and herr, the lord, (in German), come 

 from the still more primitive form of har ; and I should have placed 

 these two words in one line with hair and haar, had I not feared that 

 this association would have appeared, at first sight, too extraordinary 



sively, the coat of arms ; whilst the word waffen means solely arms. Knabe means any 

 hoy, and was, like the softer English word (knave), originally used for the companions of 

 knights, but subsequently the intensive pronunciation of this word (viz. knappe) was 

 used to express this second meaning ; as : schild -knappe, i. e, armour bearer ; muller'.S 

 knappe, i, e, servant of a miller, (pronouncing the k) t 



