16 



FOREST AND STREAM. 



[JtjLy 8, 18513. 



Sale of Trout in Close Season. 



Boston, Mass., July 1. — Tlie Gilbert trout matter has 

 made another important step toward a final settlement. 

 At the Superior Court, in Plymouth, Mass. , on Thursday, 

 June 39, in the case of Commonwealth vs. Walter L. Gil- 

 bert, the court i-endered a proforma verdict of guilty of 

 selling trout out of season, and the case was appealed to 

 the Supreme Court. Failing to secure the enactment of 

 his bill to permit the sale of trout Mr. Gdbert resolved to 

 take the existing law into his own hands, and test its 

 constitutionality. It was only one or two days to the 

 beginning of the legal open season on trout, but this had 

 nothing to do with Mr. Gilbert's purpose. He openly 

 caught and sold one of his own trout to a resident of 

 Plymouth, then he caused a complaint to be made out, 

 had Chief of Police Manter arrest him, and appeared 

 before Judge Davis of the third district court charged 

 with the crime of selling trout in the close season. He 

 was convicted, in fact he expected to be convicted, and 

 appealed to the Superior Court, giving bonds for his ap- 

 peara.nce. Now the Superior Court has f ovmd him guilty, 

 and the case is to be carried up to the Supreme Court, on 

 the question of the constitutionality of the trout close 

 time law, as affecting the owners of artificially reared 

 trout. 



A decision rendered in Mr. Gilbert's favor would affect 

 the integrity of the entire code of fish and game protective 

 laws in the State of Massachusetts, and other States even; 

 but there is little danger of such a decision. Still, the 

 question has never come before the Supreme Court of this 

 State in just the same form, though the constitutionality 

 of the game and fish protective laws has several times, I 

 believe, been passed upon by that body, and their entire 

 integrity and reasonableness been established. The ques- 

 tion will be presented by Mr. Gilbert, through his attor- 

 ney, in the form that a rnan has a constitutional right to 

 take and sell his own production (raising) whenever he 

 pleases. But Mr. Chamberlayne, for the Fish and Game 

 Protective Association, will answer, that a man has such 

 a right only under certain reasonable restrictions, restric- 

 tions made for the greatest good of the community. A 

 man has no right to kill and sell infected cattle, or calves 

 under a certain age, no matter whether raised by himself 

 or another. Neither has he a right to take and sell trout 

 in the breeding (the protected) season, no matter whether 

 from his own stream or pond or that of another, or 

 whether he may have stocked that stream with fry or not. 



Special, 



The Size of the Mouth. 



Nyack-on-Hudson, June 14. — I send the following copy 

 of a letter I recently received from the superintendent of 

 a club to which I belong, in answer to a letter advising 

 him that I had shipped some bass to the club, and also 

 asking what success some members had had in fishing a 

 lake for small-mouthed bass. I think it might prove in- 

 teresting reading for some of your subscribers. The letter 

 is from a Long Islander, and is as follows: "June 13. — 

 Dear Friend: I will be on lookout for the bass, and it is a 

 very nice thing your getting them. Now about our bass 

 trip to that lake. The fishing in the lake is good, the fish 

 run large and seem plenty and are very good fighters. 

 The above are facts. Every one was having a large time, 

 untU a member said they 'were large-mouthed bass and 

 no good, a,nd that said fish were Hke logs and he had 

 rather catch sticks; in fact he could not think of staying 

 in a locahty where there was a lake that had them in.' 

 Well, after such a description of course no member dare 

 enjoy catching one for fear he would not be considered a 

 sport; and so they all made arrangements to come home 

 as soon as possible. There was one exception, Mr. M., he 

 reasoned this way: 'I am here at a lake where there is 

 good fishing, the best I have found; the fish are very 

 game, and I cannot see why the size of their mouth should 

 spoil my pleasure in catching them.' So he remained 

 over and had the pleasure of catching twenty-five bass 

 weighing from 1^ to 31bs.; we got one there that weighed 

 e^lbs. Mr. M. took three to Dr. P. , who pronounced them 

 small-mouthed bass and took them to a friend who also 

 pronounced them the same. I consider the fishing there 

 very good, let the mouth be large or small." W. 



Redwood Lakes. 



Redwood, N. Y., June 30. — A short outing through Jef- 

 ferson county led me first to Edwardsville on Black Lake. 

 This is a beautifvd sheet of water twenty miles long by 

 two to four in width and of great depth. Bass and pick- 

 erel are abundant and of large average size, giving ample 

 scope to the angler's skill, which is usually well rewarded. 

 From here I went to Redwood on R.,W. & O. R.R. This, 

 with its chain of six lakes, called Redwood Lakes, is 

 my ideal of choice fishing. The lakes comprise the 

 Butterfield, four miles long, and four others about two 

 miles each, whose waters, connected by small streams, 

 pass through the Butterfield and thence on to Black Lake. 

 One clear lake, fed entirely by springs (no outlet), con- 

 tains only salmon trout, and there seems to be no limit to 

 their numbers. In all the others bass, pike and pickerel 

 are plentiful and run large, weighing from 5 to 20lbs. All 

 thesela.kes are within two miles of Redwood station, where 

 first-class hotel accommodations are found. One of the 

 hotel men here makes this statement, "No fish no pay," 

 open to all comers for the season. John Dollinger, the 

 veteran guide, has an excellent boat livery, and in his 

 quiet, whole-souled way, takes you to the exact spot 

 where the fish lie, and his smile seems to have an attrac- 

 tion that draws them. Don't miss a vis'^ to Redwood if 

 coming this way. 



Pere Marquette Waters. 



East Saginaw, Mich., June 28.— Fishing at the Pere 

 Mai-quette Club waters has been good for the last two 

 weeks. Large trout from the Pere Marquette River have 

 been rumring into the deep holes in our stream and 

 several large fish have been taken; one rainbow trout, 

 weighing something over olbs., and several small ones, 

 as well. The other evening I took 17 trout, weighing 

 13flbs. That is a pretty good average from a stream 

 you can almost jump across. They were all taken on a 

 smaU inimitable May-fly, just at dusk. M. 



"rOHEST AND STREAM" PISHING POSTALS 



Send us a postal card report of your own luck, your partner's htcfc, 

 your neighbor's luck, yoivr father-in-laio's luck. And — her luck. 



POTTEESVILLE, N. Y., June 28 — Judge John J. Fried- 

 man, now stopping at his cottage at the foot of Scliroon 

 Lake, caught three lake trout, the largest weighing 21+ 

 lbs., the smallest 161bs. He was A^ery much elated over 

 the catch. Prospects very good for more of the large 

 beauties. J. B. Wills. 



Salem, Mass., June 30. — Capt. George P. Berry, one of 

 our best known pportsmen, is spending a few weeks at 

 East Wakefield, N. H., where he is taking large numbers 

 of small-mouth l>lack bass. Mr. Berry is ovvner of the 

 famous bloodhound Berry's Bradshaw, now entered for 

 the bench show at the World's Fair. Mr. Samuel S. 

 Pendar, who has been a guest of Mr. Berry's for the past 

 week, returned to-day with a fine string of bass. Mr. 

 Berry has the reputation of being the expert fly-caster of 

 this city and a king-pin with the landing net. H. 



Wawbeek, N. Y., June 28.— Caught in front of Hotel 

 Wawbeek, one trout weighing 2Hlbs. Trout fishing in 

 deep water for large fish promises to be good from this 

 out. H. H. C. 



Lake Ronkonkoma, N. Y., June 37.— Fishing is very 

 good. Numbers of oswego and black bass are taken out 

 every day. The largest fish this year was caught by Mr. 

 R. C. Wilson, of Brooklyn, the fish weighing Tibs. 3oz. 

 Mr. G. F. De Vere, the well kno\vn theatrical manager, 

 comes next, catching a large-mouth black bass Oflbs. 

 Among the many who take lai'ge strings away are Col. A. 

 Wagstaffi, Judge A. H. Camen and C. H. Mack. B. 



A peculiar fish called the globeflah has the power to in- 

 flate its body with att SO as to ni^e- it assume the shape of 

 a baU, FisHV. 



statistical Review of Fishculture in Europe and 

 North America. 



By N. BORODINK, DELEGATE OV THE RUS.SIAN ASSOCIATION OF PISCICUL- 

 TOlilC AND riSnffilllES. 



Read at meeting of American Fisheries Society, June 16, 1893. 



Inteknational exhibitions give a good opportunity to 

 reckon up the work done in different branches of human ac- 

 tivity, and I thought it oijportune to do the same thing with 

 regard to the most recent industry— fishculture. 



During the last two years I have made a special study of 

 fishculture outside of my country, and visited many hatcb- 

 eries of importance in Europe and North America. I was 

 thus enabled to collect some material, which is summarized in 

 the following short review. The figures of North America 

 were taken from the reports of the L'. S. Fish Commission, 

 State Fish Commissions, annual reports of the Ministry of 

 Marine and Fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, aud from 

 the i-eport of the Superintendent of Fisheries of New Found- 

 land. Those reports, regularly issued, are uniform, but they 

 do not include any information about private flsh hatcheries. 

 For Europe the figures have been taken from scattered in- 

 formation in special literature, from official information 

 furnished by the respective governments, and private in- 

 formation from the proprietors of flsh hatcheries which I 

 visited personally. 



I do not consider the following figures as absolutely exact; 

 on the contrary I am sure that one of thena, for want of 

 regular reports, are less than reality. Nevertheless I believe 

 that a review of figures already known upon this matter 

 may have some interest. Concluding these introductory re- 

 marks I ought to say that I do not deal in this paper with pond 

 culture, the only object of comparison being the hatching of 

 fish in the establishments specially constructed for that pur- 

 pose. 



The following table gives an idea of the number of fish 

 hatched (in one season) in different countries of North 

 America and Europe, indicating the date of information, the 

 number of fish hatcheries and the expenses of the govern- 

 ment for fishculture. 



Annual 

 Number appro- 

 Date Number offlslj priation 

 of infor- of flsh hatched, for 

 NORTH AMERICA. matiou. hatcheries. millions, fishculture. 



United States: 



State fish hatcheries 1882-98 46 416. $174,040 00 



U. S. Fish Commission 1891-9d 5iu 491 3 150,000.00 



Total US $324,040.00 



Dominion of Canada 1890-91 13 128. 39,496.50 



NewFoundiand It>90-91 1 581. 6,100.00 



Total N. A 80 ],616.a $869,036 50 



Norway'^ 1890 58 214.5 4,166 50 



Germany .' IS^l 00 25.5 21,815.00 



Switzerland..: 1890 84 13.7 2,207.00 



Great Britain 1891 IB 8.6 



Sweden 1891 34 6 4 



Prance,." 1891 1'' 4.8 3,960.00 



Austria-Hungary 3891 96 2.8 



Italy 5 1-1 



Netlierlands 1891 2 1 2,084.00 



Russia 1891 14 1. 2,800.00 



Total of Europe ^IC 2^-7.8 $37,032.50 



Grand total 1891 1% 1,894. $406,669 00 



The most of the figui-es relate to 1891, so that we are able to 

 consider the grand total for this year. (;)n the other hand, 

 all the principal countries being included in the table, we 

 may estimate this total as representing the figures of fishcul- 

 ture in the entire world. Pour hundred and ninety-si.x: flsh 

 hatcheries are registered in the record, 410 of them in Europe 

 and 80 in'this country. 



The fish hatcheries of North America, included in the 

 table, belong without exception, to the respective govern- 

 ments. 



Most of the European fish hatcheries are private estabUsh- 

 ments, and only 82 out of 416 are controlled by their respec- 

 tive governments, viz., 14 in Switzerland, 1 in Germany, 5 in 

 France, 2 in Italy, 58 in Norway, 1 in Great Britain and 1 in 



The totals of fish hatched in North America (1,616,027,192) 

 as compared with Europe (277,973,016) show that only about 

 Ufa are produced in Europe; among European countries, only 

 Norway thanks to the active part taken by its government, 

 can be considered as a serious competitor of the countries of 

 the new world. The average production of one fish hatchery 

 is 668 thousands in Europe and 13.4 millions in North America. 

 Such a striking difference of the new world depends princi- 

 pally upon the dift'erence in the character of the hatcheries 

 on both continents. As before mentioned, the European fish 

 hatcheries being private establishments, do not pursue the 

 task of restocking public streams, but only the streams 



belonging to the proprietors, and very often they produce fry 

 for sale to other proprietors of fish ponds, etc. Another cir^ 

 cumstance to be mentioned in connection with the small size 

 of European establishments is that no hatcheries— or very 

 few — exist here for hatching of Clupcida', Percidu: and salt 

 water fish; the hatching of these kinds of: fish, to be success- 

 ful, ought to be carried on on a large scale. The last and the 

 mo.st important question is the financial one. While the 

 Government of the United .States, of different States, of the 

 Dominion of Canada grant very considerable amounts of 

 money for fishculture and take direct interest in this work, 

 in Europe, with the exception of Norway, Germany and 

 Switzerland, the respective governments do not pay much 

 attention to it. 



The Government of the United States has a very unportant 

 bureau, known as the U. S. Fish Comml.ssion, with annual 

 appropriations of .•S!208,000, viz : §1.50,000 for propaKation of 

 fish, $.50,000 for distribution, .©3,000 for maintaininD; vessels, 

 •15,000 compensation of Commissioner, and ffiO.dliil ['ur .«,ci('ii- 

 tific investigations and statistical work. Besides this rt'gii];i,r 

 budget the U. S. Fish Commission receives for exiiaoi diuary 

 expenses, as for instance, the construction of new b.T,tchevies, 

 new vessels, flsh cars, etc., a considerable amount of money. 



The governments of separate States compete in usefulness 

 of this work with the Federal Govei'iinient, making large 

 appropriations for building hatcheries aud distriijuting tish. 

 I must particularly mention the .State of New York, with a 

 yearly appropriation of s.34,000, the State of Micliigau, with 

 an ap'propriiition of $22,500, and the State of Pennsylvania, 

 with a grant of .$15,000. The total amount of money granted 

 for flshcultural work by all the States is equal to •$169,040 

 (1891).* The present appropriations are likely to be increased, 

 because in very many reports 1 have examined the Fish Com- 

 misfsioner.s were asking for a larger amount of money. 



The Government of the Donnnion of Canada has been for 

 a long time actively engaged in the propagation of flsh. The 

 expenditrire for this work was in 1891 |.S74,202, which in- 

 cludes -S.39,496 for fish breeding and ^83,0.50 for fish propaga- 

 tion. 



The NewFoundiand Government works al<o quite succe.ss- 

 fuUy with an appropriation of -$17,300, that is, .SC.IOU for fish- 

 culture and the remainder for fish protection aud fishery ad- 

 ministration. 



In Europe, Germany expends the largest amount of money 

 for fishculture work, say -121,815, which includes .|13,.500 of 

 subsidy to the Deutsche Fischerei Vereia, the leading associ- 

 ation of its kind in Europe, and §9,315 for the governmental 

 flsh hatchei-y in Hilningen. Many private hatcheries exist in 

 that country, thanks to the orders for hatched fr:^' given by 

 the above association, which has no hatchery of it.s own, 

 The Hiiningen fish hatchery— perhaps the largest on the con- 

 tinent — has no value from the standpoint of the modern fish- 

 culturist, and with regard to the accommodation for the 

 work, many private establishmentst in Germany leave far 

 behind this big, hut inconvenient, old-fashioned hatchery, 

 which, I think, has completed its historical role in fisticul- 

 ture. Norway is now one of the leading countries iti regard 

 to the work for all kinds of iuipi'ovements in fisheries, Its 

 Government grants for this purpose an amount of §37,788 

 yearly, which includes •'141,665 for fishculture in particular.]: 

 One of the largest salt-water fish hatcheries iu tlie world, at 

 Flodevigen, near Arendal (200,000,000 cod fry hatched in l,s!)l ), 

 is controlled by a local fishery association, and gi'ts ci sub- 

 .sidy of 9,000 kroners from the Goveruoieiit. Next 'conies 

 Switzerland, which operates, as ciim|>:ire(l with iLs area, on a 

 very large scale. The federal govemnieut of tliat country 

 has' an appropriation of S,207 for the fry planted by private 

 men in the public waters. Besides that, almost every can- 

 ton has one, two and sometimes several cantonal fish hat.ch- 

 eries. 



France— the cradle of pisciculture, the country which has 

 contributed toward the development of this new industry 

 more work than any other country — now ranks Far behind 

 many European countries. The French Goverument does 

 not pay much attention to fishculture iu geueral, liaving an 

 appropriation of 19, .860 francs (.|3,972) to maiutain live not 

 very large governmental flsh hatcheries and subsidize a 

 private one (for shad hatching at St. Pierre les Klbeuf, on 

 the Seine River). Only quite recently, thanks to the state- 

 ments made by the Soci^t6 Centrale d'Aquiculture de la 

 France, the attention of the French^ Government has been 

 called to fishculture work, aud I .am informed that negotia- 

 tions are being made to establish a special fishculturist 

 school at the Gremaz fish hatchery, which belongs to M. 

 Lugrin (inventor of the method of propagating artificially 

 live food for flsh fry). 



Italy has only recently begun flshcultural work under the 

 control of the Government, which has appropriated .32,000 

 liras ($;6,500) for the construction of a large flsh hatchery 

 at Bi'escia, now in operation, and has opened another small 

 one at Korae. 



The Netherlands Government appropriates only 5,000 

 gulden (*2,0S4) for the salmon fry planted iu the Rhine 

 Kiver. No appropriation is made by the Austria-Himgary 

 Government, the H.shculture work being carried on by 

 private initiative of landlords and associations. 



The same remarks must be made in regard to Great 

 Britain with the single exception of Scotland, the flshery 

 board of which erected last summer a salt-water fish hatch- 

 ery at Dunbar; no special appropriation was made for this 

 purpose, the expenses having been covered by money assigned 

 for scientific investigation (±'1,800 yearly). 



The Swedish Government contributes to some extent to 

 the improvement of the fishery industries in its country, 

 having a yearly appi-opriation of 47,000kr. (SIB, 1.55), but that 

 does not include any expense of fishculture work in pai-- 

 ticular. 



And finally Russia has an appropriation of S2,800, which is 

 in comparison with its area, quite insignificant. That in- 

 cludes 3,000 roubles for maintaining one governmental fish 

 hatchery at Nicholsk, Government of Novgorod, which was 

 founded by the well-known Russian fishculturist Mr. Vla- 

 dimir Wrasky, the Inventor of the so-called Ru.ssian or dry 

 method of impregnation, and 5,000 Finnish marks of subsidy 

 to the Fishery Society of Finland. 



When we compare the total amount <>'' j ; > ; cut Cor 

 fishculture work by all European countri oi with 



the appropriations of North American couui t ics :.,'.li,i;36.50), 

 we shall not be surprised by the enormous ditlerence in the 

 work done in this line in the Old and New World. Of courae 

 that is only an explanation of the fact, but not an eulogy. 



Europe has originated and developed the methods of fish- 

 culture, but it becomes an industry only in America, and a 

 very important one, from the .standpoint of the government. 

 Only here is fishculture carried on on a large industrial scale 

 and, in connection with it, here are invented and introduced 

 in general practice, methods suitable for large operations, 

 quite different from those used in Europe. 



There is no better testimony of the importance of fl.shcul- 

 tural work than the large appropriations made by the body 

 of representatives of the country, and only in North America 

 is this work duly appreciated by the Government as well as 

 by most of the population. 



* General expenses of same States for flsh protection and carp 

 culture are not included in this total. 



+1 can mention here the well-situated aud nicely-fltted flsh hatcheriea 

 iu Selzenhof, near Freiburg (8,000,000 trout eggs capacityl, and in 

 Seewiese. near Gemiinden, Bavaria (4,000,000 capacity;). 



JThe total of 20S,O40kr. is thus distributed: For scientific investiga- 

 tion in fisheries, 5,200kr.; subsidy to tJje fl.shery associ.nions, 45,uoOkr. 

 (that includes S.OOOkr. for the hatchery at Flodevigen i ; iiiaiulenauco of 

 fishery scJiools in Bei'gen and Bodo, ll,5001ir. ; fishculture work, 

 7,3501ir.; and the remainder for fish protection and flsh administra- 

 tion. 



