78 



On the Fossih of the Eastern Portion 



[July 



mena exhibited at the hot-springs of Urjunah, which rise in the same 

 rock, and where bubbles of carbonic acid are extricated through round 

 holes in the mud covering the bottom of the rivulet, the water of which, 

 being loaded with lime, a calcareous tuffis rapidly deposited. 



A gentle elevation, extending three miles to tbe east of the village of. 

 Zynad, is composed of this limestone, and it rises very gradually towards 

 a small conical summit, composed of coarse vesicular basalt, which has 

 broken through and covered the limestone. A portion of this rock appears 

 to have been displaced in a singular manner. A wall of perfectly verti- 

 cal stratification, about 3 feet thick, projects nearly as much from the 

 general surface, and consists internally of the same limestone, as that 

 which it appears to cut at right angles, while externally it is sins^ularly 

 irregular and altered, being converted into a beautifully crystalline lime- 

 stone, with quartz minerals. 



To the north of this place, as far as the Payne- Gunga river, the coun- 

 try is flat, covered with basaltic soil or rock connected with insulated 

 trap hills, and intermixed with jaspers, resembling those so common near 

 Bangnapilly, and perhaps derived from the argillo-calcareous schists oc- 

 casionally seen in the water-courses. The pebbles of the Pnyne-Gunga 

 consist mostly of calcedonies of a reddish colour, and of argillaceous 

 limestone, and they are in many places consolidated into a conglomerate 

 by the calcareous matter with which all the waters of the district abound* 

 In a layer of this conglomerate, projecting from the alluvial soil of which 

 the bank is composed, numerous recent shells are imbedded. The lime- 

 stone, and its incumbent schists, are seen north of the river, and they 

 abound in springs and streams loaded with lime, which is deposited 

 as calcareous tuff in the water -courses. Masses of the same substance, 

 several feet in height, project from fissures in the rock, or compose coni- 

 cal eminences of white " Kunkur," which are scattered over the black 

 basaltic plains. 



Proceeding a little further towards the Pindee hills, in which the 

 principal of these streams takes its rise, sandstone appears on the south 

 bank of a ravine ; and on the opposite side, at a lower level, the 

 " argillaceous limestone" so often mentioned, has been raised by some 

 violent forces into irregular gothic arches, overlaid by partially broken 

 but horizontal strata. The spaces within the arches are filled with 

 fragments of the same rock forced from below. Hot springs, having a 

 temperature of 87°, rise through the limestone, and globules of gas escape 

 from round holes in the debris and mud covering the bottom of the 

 ravine. On endeavouring to collect a quantity of the gas, there were 

 found to be considerable and irregular intervals between each jet of air. 



