CONTENTS. 



A pretty Style. — Eeligious Ideas of the Innuits. — Their kindly Character.^Treatment 

 of the Aged and Infirm. — A Woman abandoned to die.— Hall's Attempt to rescue her. — 

 The Innuit Nomads, without any form of Government. — Their Numbers Diminishing. — 

 A Sailor wanders away. — Hall's Search for him. — Finds him frozen to death. — The Ship 

 free from Ice. — Preparations to return. — Reset in the Ice-pack. — Another Arctic Winter. — ■ 

 Breaking up of the Ice. — Departure for Home. — Tookoolito and her Child "Butterfly."— 

 Death of "Butterfly." — Arrival at Home. — Results of Hall's Expedition. — Innuit Tradi« 



tions. — Discovery of rrobisher Relics. — Hall's Second Expedition, Page 433 



ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS. 



Chaptkr 43 — Summary of Arctic Explorations, 737 



Chapter 44. — Hall's Last Expedition, 757 



Chapter 45. — Fate of the Polaris, 777 



THE TEOPIOAL WOELD. 



CHAPTER I. 



THE OCEAN AND ATMOSPHERE CF THE TROPICAL WORLD. 



Characteristics of the Polar and Tropical Worlds. — Geographical and Climatic Limits of the 

 Zones. — Distribution of Land and Water. — Climatic Importance of the Ocean. — Currents 

 of the Ocean. — The Gulf Stream. — Influence of the Gulf Stream upon the Climate of 

 Europe. — The Sargasso Sea. — Columbus and the Gulf Stream. — The Pacific and Indian 

 Currents. — Heat and Force. — Relative Positions of Hot and Cold Currents. — Currents of 

 the Air. — The Trade Winds. — Atmospheric Currents and Climate. — The Calm Belt near 

 the Equator. — Rainfall of Different Regions. — Rainy and Dry Seasons within the Tropics. 

 — The Monsoons. — Winds as Regulators of Rains. — Annual Rainfall. — Whirlwinds. — Their 

 Rotary Motion. — Tropical Islands. — Volcanic Islands. — Coralline Islands. — Atolls and 

 Reefs. — Influence of the Ocean upon Life in the Tropical Islands, 471 



CHAPTER II. 



TABLE LANDS AND PLATEAUS OP THE TROPICAL WORLD. 



Influence of Elevation upon Climate. — The Puna of Peru: Squier's Description of the Puna. — 

 The Soroche or Veta. — View from La Portada. — Effects of the Soroche. — The Sarumpe. 

 — The Veruga Water. — Effects of the Veta on Animals. — Vegetation of the Puna. — The 

 Llama. — The Huanacu. — The Alpaca. — The Vicuna. — Hunting the Vicuna. — The Hunts 

 of the Ancient Incas. — Enemies of the Vicuna. — Other Native Animals. — The Ox, Horse, 

 Mule and Sheep. — Waterfowl. — Warm Valleys. — Rapid Change of Climate According to 

 Elevation. — Lake Titicaca : The Sacred Island of Titicaca. — Manco Capac, the First Inca. 

 — His Journey from Lake Titicaca to Cuzco.— Fact and Myth respecting Manco Capac. — 

 Extent of the Inca Empire. — Inca Civilization originated in the Puna, near Lake Titi- 

 caca. — The Sacred Rock on the Island. — Ruins and Relics on the Island. — The Hacienda 

 on the Island. — The Eve of St. John. — The Bath of the Incas. — Other Sacred Islands. — 

 Ruins at Tihuanico. — Some more ancient than the Incas. — Immense Monolithic Gateways 

 and Hewn Stones. — Inca Civilization. — The Great Military Roads. — System of Posts and 

 Post-Stations. — The Valley of Quito: Approach to the Valley from the Pacific Coast. — A 

 Tropical Region —Chmbing the Cordillera. — Scenes hy the Way. — Quito. — Climate of the 

 Valley. — Astronomical Site. — Trees, Fruits, Vegetables, and Flowers. — Animals. — Birds. — 

 Insects, Reptiles, and Fish. — The Population of the Valley. — Indians. — Half-Breeds. — 

 Whites. — Courtesy of the People — A Polite Message. — Scenery of the Valley. — Volca- 

 noes. — Imbabura. — Destruction of Otovalo. — Cayamba. — Guamani. — Antisana. — Sincho- 

 lagua. — Cotopaxi. — The Inca's Head, — Tunguragua. — Altar. — Sangai. — Its Perpetual Erup- 

 tion. — Chimborazo. — Caraguarizo. — Illinza. — Corazon. — Pichincha. — Its immense Crater. 

 — Descent into the Crater. — Eruptions of Pichincha. — The Table-Land of Bogota : Voyage 



