CONTENTS. 



xiii 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN. 



Comparative View of the Antarctic and Arctic Regions.— Inferiority of Climate of the former.— Its 

 Causes.— The New Shetland Islands.— South Georgia.— The Peruvian Stream.— Sea-birds.— The Gi- 

 ant Petrel.— The Albatross.— The Penguin.— The Austral Whale.— The Hunchback.— The Fin-back. 

 —The Grampus.— Battle with a Whale.— The Sea-elephant.— The Southern Sea-bear.— The Sea- 

 leopard.— Antarctic Fishes •i'age 391 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 



ANTARCTIC VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY. 



Cook's Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean. — Bellinghausen. — Weddell — Biscoe. — Balleny. — Dumont 

 d'Urville. — Wilkes.— Sir James Ross crosses the Antarctic Circle on New Year's Day, 1841.— Dis- 

 covers Victoria Land. — Dangerous Landing on Franklin Island. — An Eruption of Mount Erebus. — 

 The Great Ice Barrier.— Providential Escape. — Dreadful Gale.— Collision. — Hazardous Passage be- 

 tween two Icebergs.— Termination of the Voyage 401 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 



THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 



Description of the Strait. —Western Entrance. — Point Dungeness.— The Narrows.— Saint Philip's Bay. 

 — Cape Froward. — Grand Scenery. — Port Famine. — The Sedger River. — Darwin's Ascent of Mount 

 Tarn. — The Bachelor River. — English Reach. — Sea Reach. — South Desolation. — Harbor of Mercy. — 

 Williwaws. — Discovery of the Strait by Magellan (October 20, 1521). — Drake. — Sarmiento. — Cav- 

 endish. — Schouten and Le Maire. — Byron. — Bougainville. — Wallis and Carteret. — King and Fitz- 

 roy. — Settlement at Punta Arenas. — Increasing Passage through the Strait. — A future Highway of 

 Commerce 408 



CHAPTER XL. 



PATAGONIA AND THE PATAGONIANS. 



Difference of Climate between East and West Patagonia. — Extraordinary Aridity of East Patagonia.— 

 Zoology. — The Guanaco. — TheTucutuco. — The Patagonian Agouti. — Vultures. — The Turkey-buz- 

 zard. — The Carrancha. — The Chimango. — Darwin's Ostrich. — The Patagonians. — Exaggerated Ac- 

 counts of their Stature. — Their Physiognomy and Dress. — Religious Ideas. — Superstitions. — Astro- 

 nomical Knowledge. — Division into Tribes. — The Tent, or Toldo. — Trading Routes. — The great 

 Cacique. — Introduction of the Horse. — Industry. — Amusements. — Character 417 



CHAPTER XLI. 



THE FUEGIANS. 



Their miserable Condition, — Degradation of Body and Mind. — Powers of Mimicry. — Notions of Barter. 

 — Causes of their low State of Cultivation. — Their Food. — Limpets. — Cyttaria Darwini. — Constant 

 Migrations. — The Fuegian Wigwam. — Weapons. — Their probable Origin. — Their Number, and va- 

 rious Tribes. — Constant Feuds. — Cannibalism. — Language. — -Adventures of Fuegia Basket, Jemmy 

 Button, and York Minster. — Missionary Labors, — Captain Gardiner. — His lamentable End. . . . 425 



CHAPTER XLII. 



CHARLES FRANCIS HALL AND THE INNUITS. 



Hall's Expedition. — His early Life. — His reading of Arctic Adventure. — His Resolve.— His Arctjx; Out- 

 tit.— Sets sail on the " George Henry." — The Voyage.— Kudlago.—Holsteinborg, Greenland.— Pop- 

 ulation of Greenland.— Sails for Davis's Strait. — Character of the Innuits. — Wreck of the " Rescue." 

 — Ebierbing and Tookoolito.— Their Visit to England. — Hall's first Exploration. — European and In- 

 nuit Life in the Arctic Regions. — Building an Igloo. — Almost Starved.— Fight for Food with Dogs. 

 —Ebierbing arrives with a Seal,— How he caught it. — A Seal-feast.— The Innuits and Seals,— The 

 Polar Bear. — How he teaches the Innuits to catch Seals. — At a Seal-hole. — Dogs as Seal-hunters. — 

 Dogs and Bears. — Dogs and Reindeers. — Innuits and Walruses.— More about Igloos. — Innuit Imple- 

 ments. — Uses of the Reindeer. — Innuit Improvidence. — A Deer-feast. — A frozen Delicacy. — Whale- 

 bkin as Food.— Whale-gum. —How to eat Whale Ligament.— Raw Meat.— The Dress of the Innuits. 



