CONTENTS. 



ix 



logical Observations of Ziwolka. — The cold Summer of Nova Zembla. — VonBaer's scientific Voyage 

 to Nova Zembla. — His Adventures in Matoschkin Schar. — Storm in Kostin Schar. — Sea Bath and 

 votive Cross. — Botanical Observations. — A natural Garden, — Solitude and Silence. — A Bird Ba- 

 zar. — Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zembla Page 147 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE LAPPS. 



Their ancient History and Conversion to Christianity. — Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy. 

 — ^Their singular Mode of Preaching. — Gross Superstition of the Lapps. — The Evil Spirit of the 

 Woods. — The Lapland Witches. — Physical Constitution of the Lapps. — Their Dress. — The Fjiilllap- 

 pars. — Their Dwellings. — Store-houses. — Reindeer Pens. — Milking the Reindeer. — Migration. — 

 The Lapland Dog. — Skiders, or Skates. — The Sledge, or Pulka. — Natural Beauties of Lapland.— 

 Attachment of the Lapps to their Country. — Bear-hunting. — Wolf-hunting. — Mode of Living of the 

 ■wealthy Lapps. — How they kill the Reindeer.— Visiting the Fair. — Mammon Worship. — Treasure- 

 hiding. — "Tabak, or Braende." — Affectionate Disposition of the Lapps. — The Skogslapp.— The 

 Fisherlapp o o 156 



CHAPTER XIII. 



MATTHIAS ALEXANDER CASTREN. 



His Birthplace and first Studies. — Journey in Lapland, 1838. — The Iwalojoki, — The Lake of Enara. — 

 The Pastor of Utzjoki. — From Rowaniemi to Kemi. — Second Voyage, 1841-44. — Storm on the 

 White Sea. — Return to Archangel. — The Tundras of the European Samoiedes. — Mesen. — Universal 

 Drunkenness. — Sledge Journey to Pustosersk. — A Samoiede Teacher. — Tundra Storms. — Abandon- 

 ed and alone in the Wilderness. — Pustosersk. — Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsylmsk and Ish- 

 emsk. — The Uusa. — Crossing the Ural.— Obdorsk.— Second Siberian Journey, 1845-48.— Overflow- 

 ing of the Obi. — Surgut. — Krasnojarsk. — Agreeable Surprise. — Turuchansk. — Voyage down the 

 Jenissei. — Castren's Study at Plachina. — From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss. — Frozen Feet. — Return 

 Voyage to the South. — Frozen fast on the Jenissei. — Wonderful Preservation. — Journey across the 

 Chinese Frontiers, and to Transbaikalia. — Return to Finland. — Professorship at Helsingfors. — Death 

 of Castren, 1855 „ 168 



CHAPTER XIV. 



THE SAMOIEDES. 



Their Barbarism. — Num, or Jilibeambaertje. — Shamanism. — Samoiede Idols. — Sjadaei. — Hahe. — The Ta- 

 debtsios, or Spirits. — The Tadibes, or Sorcerers. — Their Dress. — Their Invocations. — Their conjuring 

 Tricks. — Reverence paid to the Dead. — A Samoiede Oath. — Appearance of the Samoiedes. — Their 

 Dress. — A Samoiede Belle. — Character of the Samoiedes. — Their decreasing Numbers. — Traditions of 

 ancient Heroes , 179 



CHAPTER XV. 



THE OSTIAKS. 



What is the Obi.? — Inundations. — An Ostiak summer Yourt.— Poverty of the Ostiak Fishermen.— A 

 winter Yourt. — Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs.— An Ostiak Prince. — Archery. 

 —Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks. — The Fair of Obdorsk „ . . . 185 



CHAPTER XVI. 



CONQUEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS— THEIR VOYAGES OP DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE 



POLAR SEA. 



Ivan the Terrible.— Strogonoff.—Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror.— His Expeditions to Siberia.— 

 Battle of Tobolsk. — Yermak's Death.— Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk.— Semen Deshnew. — 

 Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke. — Voyages of Discovery in the Reign of 

 the Empress Anna. — Prontschischtschew. — Chariton and Demetrius Laptew. — An Arctic Heroine. 

 — Schalaurow. — Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean. — The Lachow Islands. — • 

 Fossil Ivory. — New Siberia. — The wooden Mountains. — The past Ages of Siberia , 191 



