I 



SUMMAKY OF AKCTIC EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS. 787 



ADDITIONAL CHAPTERS 



TO 



"The Polar "World." 



CHAPTER XLIII. 



SUMMARY OF AECTIC EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS, 



Arctic America— The Arctic Archipelago.— Baffin's Bay and its Outlets.— Hudson's Bay 

 and its Outlets. — Limits of Arctic America. — Physical Characteristics. — Icelanders the 

 first Arctic Explorers. —The Brothers Zeni. — The Cabots. — Frobisher. — Davis.— Barentz. — 

 '' The North-west Passage. — Henry Hudson. — Baffin. — Bering. — Hearne. — Phipps. — Cook.— 

 Mackenzie. — Scoresby. — Buchan and Franklin. — Ross and Parry's first Voyage. — Parry's 

 second Voyage. — Franklin, Richardson and Back's first Overland Expedition.— Parry's 

 third Expedition. — Parry's fourth Expedition. — Franklin, Richardson and Back's second 

 Overland Expedition. — Beechey. — Parry's Expedition beyond Spitzbergen. — Sir John 

 Ross's second Expedition. — Back and King — Back's Great Fish River. — Back's next Ex- 

 pedition. — Dease and Simpson. — Rae. — Franklin's last Expedition — Its Sailing.— Last 

 ever seen of it. — Expeditions in Search of Franklin. — Franklin's Movements. — Fate of his 

 Party — Moore and Kellett. — Richardson and Rae's Overland Expedition. — Sir James 

 Ross's Expedition. — Expeditions of 1850. — CoUinson and McClure. — Austin and Ommaney's 

 Expedition. — Sir James Ross. — Captain Penny. — The Prince Albert. — The Advance and 

 Rescue. — First Traces of Franklin. — Sled and Boat Excursions. — Surmises. — Inglefield's 

 Surveys.— Expeditions of 1852.— Belcher's Fleet.— Kellett's Rescue of McClure. — The 

 Resolute. — Kane's Grinnell Expedition. — Rae's Expedition on the Mainland of America. — 

 Fate of Franklin's Men ascertained. — Anderson's Search. — McCiintock's Expedition. — The 

 Marvelous Drift of the Fox — On the track of Franklin. — Discovery of Relics. — The 

 Mystery Solved. — Hayes's Expedition. — The most Northern Land on the Globe. — Charles 

 Francis Hall. — Expeditions since 1870. 



IN this chapter it is proposed to give in chronological order a summary of the 

 Arctic expeditions which have been undertaken on the American continent, by 

 land or water. Many of them have been already described in detail in preceding 

 chapters of " The Polar World." Reference will be made to these accounts, so that 

 this chapter will serve as index and supplement to what has gone before. 



From its western extremity at the head of Bering's Straits, about 160° W., 

 through 65° of longitude to 95° W., the parallel of latitude of 70^ N., forms the 

 general northern boundary of the American continent. Some capes, however, 

 project a little further northward, and many bays indent the coast line to the south ; 

 but in about longitude 95°, Hudson's Bay sets deeply in, and extends southward to 

 about latitude 51°. On the eastern side of the bay, the shore of the continent runs 



