V 



INDEX. 



A. 



Adelie, Terre, discovery of, 402. 

 Agouti, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 Agriculture, state of, in Iceland, 79. 

 Aigun, treaty of, 196. 



Air, remarkable moisture of the, in Taimurland, 

 225. 



, its perpetual motion in the Arctic zones, 225. 



Akurig, eider-ducks of, 81. 



Albasin, the Russian fort of, built, 195. 



, destroyed by the Chinese, but rebuilt, 196. 



Albatross, wandering, of the Antarctic seas, 395. 

 Alcyonians on the coasts of Greenland, 59. 

 Aleutian Islands, causes which led to the discovery 



of the, 201. 

 , extent of the, 270. 



Aleuts, their wretched condition under their mas- 

 ters, 273. 



•, their skill and intrepidity in hunting, 273- 



276. 



Alexander, Cape, discovery of, 365. 



■ Island, discovery of, 401. 



Algerine pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, 95 ; and in 



the Westman Islands, 119. 

 Alaska, discovery of, 202. 



, climate of the, 269. 



, mountains and forests of, 269. 



, purchase of, by the Americans, 277. 



, telegraph through, 278. 



, travelling in, 278-289. 



, natives of, 278-289. 



, climate of, 284. 



, food in, 287. 



Almannagja, description of the, 73. 



Altai Mountains, crossed by the Cossacks, 195. 



Alten, copper mines of, 128. 



Altenl^oi'^J^ vegetation of the borders of the, 128. 



America, North, treeless zone of, 18-22. 



. character of the Coniferae of, 23, 24. 



, range of the caribou, or reindeer, of, 36-39. 



' , the musk-ox of, 41. 



, the white dolphin in the rivers of, 61. 



, the blaek dolphin of, 61. 



, walruses of the shores of, 64. 



, history of the fur-trade of, 307 et seq, 



• , first discoverers and settlers of, 335. 



America, North, destruction of the Greenland colo- 

 nies, 335. 



, subsequent discoveries, 335 et seq. 



• , attempts to discover the north-western pas- 

 sage to India, 342 et seq. 



America, Russian, its transfer to the United States, 

 272, note. 



Amoor, river, discovery of the, by the Russians, who 



relinquish it to the Chinese, 195, 196. 

 — , the country annexed by Russia, 196. 



Anakerdluk, in North Greenland, buried forest Oi 

 29. 



Angekoks, or priests of the Esquimaux, 301. 

 Animals, comparatively small number of, in the 

 Arctic regions, 25. 



, the forests the head-quarters of many, 41. 



of the Arctic Seas, 59. 



of the coasts of Spitzbergen, 134. 



, fur-bearing, of Siberia, 209. 



, the, of Taimurland, 227. 



of Nishne-Kolymsk, 235. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



, no land, in the Antarctic region, 394. 



of Patagonia, 418. 



Aniuj, vegetation of the valley of the, 235. 



, chief resource of the people of the, 237. 



Anjou, Lieut., his Arctic explorations, 233. 

 Archangel, foundation of, 192. 



, New, site of the town of, 272. 



, fur-trade of, 273. 



, medium of exchange at, 276. 



Archers, the Ostiaks as, 187. 

 Arctic regions, rivers of the, 17, 



, limits of the, 18. 



, the forests of the, 18-23. 



, their treeless wastes, or Tundra, 18, 



, in summer and winter, 19. 



, their extent and boundaries, 21. 



, animal life in the, 25. 



, influence of the sea and winds on the severity 



of the winter of the, 27. 



, the lowest temperatures felt by man, 27, 28. 



, how man becomes accustomed to the rigors of 



the winter of the, 28. 



, proofs of a former milder climate in the north- 

 ern regions of the globe, 29. 



, beauties of Nature in the, 31-33. 



, land quadrupeds and birds of the, 84. 



, the seas of the, 49. 



compared with the Antarctic regions, 391. 



Arctic voyages of discovery, 335 et seg. 737 et seq 



Are Thorgilson, his Icelandic works, 94. 



Argali (^Ovis argali) of Siberia, 41. 



Arrows of the Ostiaks, 187, 188. 



Ascidians on the coasts of Greenland, 59. 



Ash, the, in the Arctic regions, 24. 



Asia, treeless zone of, 18-22. 



Athabascan Indians, hunting-grounds of the, 327. 



Atlassoff, the Cossack, his treatment of the natives 

 of Kamchatka, 198. 



Atmosphere, transparency of the, in the Polar re- 

 gions, 54, 55. 



, phenomena of, reflection and refraction, and 



their probable causes, 55. 

 Auk, the giant, its rarity at present in Iceland, 85. 

 Aurora borealis, 33. 



, splencW of the, in the Arctic regions, 33, 



