788 



INDEX. 



Aurora borealis, terror of the Lapps at the, 157. 

 . , at Nulato, 281. 



Austin, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



Avalanches of ice in Spitzbergen, 135. 



Awaklok and Myouk, tlieir imprisonment on an 



iceberg, 298. 

 Awatscha Bay, sea-birds of, 255. 



, its magnificence and extent, 256. 



B. 



Baaty Khan, his subjection of Russia, 191. 

 Bachelor river, the, 412. 



Back (Mr., afterwards Sir George), his Arctic voy- 

 ages, 346, 347, 349. 



, his search for Captain "Ross, 354. 



, his discovery of Great Fish Kiver, 355. 



, voyage in 1835, 355. 



Back's river, discovery of, 355. 



Badarany, desert of swamps, the, 234. 



Baer, Herr von, his scientific journey to Nova 

 Zen)bla, 151, 



Baffin, his voyages of discover}'-, 343. 



Baffin's Bay, probable influence of the northerly 

 winds on the depression of the temperature of, 

 27. 



Baffin's Bay, walruses of the coasts of, 64. 

 , discovery of, 343. 



Balleny, bis discoveries in the Antarctic ocean, 401. 



Islands, discovery of, 401. 



Banks's Land, proofs of a former milder tempera- 

 ture in, 29. 



Bards, or Scalds, of Iceland, 94. 



Barentz, William, visit of, to Spitzbergen, 138. 



, his voyages of discovery, 339. 



, his winter in Nova Zembla, 340. 



, his death, 342. 



Barley, cultivation of, in Norway, 124. 



Barren grounds, barrens, or tundri, Arctic belt of 

 the, IS. 



, causes of their barrenness, 18. 



, their appearance in winter and in summer, 19. 



■ , indistinct and irregular boundaries of the, 21. 



, those of Newfoundland, 377. 



Barrow Point, traffic of, 302. 

 Barter Reef, traffic of, 302. 



Bear, black, muskwa {Ursus americanus), value of 



the fur of the, 315. 



. , description of him, 315, 318, 



■ , brown, of North America, 315. 



' , value of the skins of the young brown bear, 



211. 



• , grizzly, of the Rocky Mountains (JJrsris fe- 



rox\ 315. 

 ■ , his skin, 315. 



, the polar, his mode of hunting, 65, 446, 448. 



, his favorite food and mode of seizing it, 65, 



447, 450, 451. 



, anecdote of one, 65. 



, instances of his sagacity, 65. 



, parental care of the she-bear, 65. 



, her winter nursery, 65, 66. 



, her internal store of food for her hvbernation, 



66. 



, immense strength of claws and teeth. 66, 67. 



, his unwelcome visits to Iceland, 81. 



■ of Spitzbergen. 137. 



■ of Nova Zembla, 149. 



• , Lapp mode of hunting the, 164-166. 



, Esquimaux methods of hunting the, 163. 



Bear of Newfoundland, 378. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 258. 



, sea-, value of the skins of the, in China, 374. 



, chase of the, in the Pribilow Islands, 274. 



families and battles, 274, 275. 



, the Austral sea-, 399. 



, hunted by dogs, 453. 



Bear Island, or Cherie Island, account of, 143. 



, climate of, 144. 



, walruses of, 144. 



, boat- voyages of Norwegian sailors from, 145. 



, discoverv of, 340. 



, surveyed by the Russians, 200. 



Beaver (Custor fiber), its skin the standard of eX" 



change with the Canadian Indians, 313. 



, former enormous trade in the fur of the, 317. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



Beaver Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. 

 Bee, sand (^Andrend), of Nova Zembla, 154. 

 Beech, Antarctic {F'agus betuloides), 410. 

 Beechey, Captain, his voj^age to Bering's Straits, 



350. 



Beerenberg mountain, 146. 



Bering, Titus, never passed through the straits bear- 

 ing his name, 197. 



, his second voyage, 201. 



, his second voyage of discovery, 248, 249. 



, his bad conduct, 250. 



, his death, 252. 



Bering Island, Bering and Steller on, 251. 



Sea, description of the, 268. 



, barren lands at, 22. 



, seals and walruses of, 63, 64, 



, its climate, 269. 



, character of the shores of the, 270, 



, animals of the, 271, 



Bering's Straits, view of the Old and New worlds in 

 the, 271. 



, Captain Beechey 's voyage to, 350. 



Belcher, Sir Edward, his search for Franklin, 359. 



Bellinghausen, his discoverj'^ of the islands Paul the 

 First and Alexander, 401. 



Bellot, Lieut., his gallant search for Franklin, 359. 



, his death and monument, 362. 



Beluga, or white dolphin {Deljphinus leucas), de- 

 scription of the, 61. 



, domain of the, 61. 



Beluga Bay, visit of Von Baer's party to, 151, 

 Bennet, Stephen, his visit to Bear Island, 143, 144. 

 Berry-gathering in Nishne-Kolymsk, 238. 

 Bilberries of the Arctic regions, 24. 

 Billings, voyage of, on the coast of Siberia. 201. 

 Birch, paper, value of the, in North America, 804. 

 Birch-trees in the Arctic regions, 24. 

 Birds, flights of wild, in summer months, in the 

 Tundra, 19. 



, their migrations to and from high latitude.*, 



43, 44, 67. 



, the polar singing-bird, the snow-bunting, 43. 



, raptorial, of the Arctic regions, 43. 



, enormous numbers of, along the Arctic shores, 



67. 



, Icelandic, 81. 



of the coast of Norway, 124. 



of Spitzbergen, 133, 134, 137. 



of Nova Zembla, 154. 



, a bird bazar, 154. 



, abundance of sea-fowl on the coast of Kam- 

 chatka, 255. 



, Esquimaux mode of bird-catching, 295. 



, abundance of, on the coast of Greenland, 388. 



