INDEX. 



791 



Elk, its mode of defending itself, 40. 

 Enara, Lake of, the Fisher Lapps of, 166. 



, description of the, 169. 



Enderby Land, discovery of, 401. 

 English pirates, ravages of, in Iceland, 95. 

 Erebus, mount, eruption of, 403. 

 Eric the Red, his visit to Greenland, 382. 

 Ermine (Mustela erminea) beauty and importance 

 of the fur of the, 210. 



, those of the Hudson's Bay Territory, 316. 



Esk, volcano, 146. 



Esquimaux (see also Innuits), their wide extension, 

 290. 



■ , their own name of Innuit, 290. 



, character of the regions they inhabit, 290. 



. , their physical character, habits, and man- 

 ners, 290, 291. 

 women, 291. 



. , their dress and snow-huts, 291, 292. 



, their boat, the kayak or baidar, 293. 



• , their weapons, and fishing and hunting im- 

 plements, 293, 294. 



• , enmity between them and the Red Indians, 



294. 



, their chase of the reindeer, and bird-catching, 



295. 



, their whale and seal hunts, 295, 296. 



, their "keep kuttuk," 296. 



, their bear and walrus hunts, 296, 298. 



■ , their dogs and dog-sledges, 299. 



, their games and sports, 300. 



, constitution of their society, 300. 



, their angekoks, or priests, 300, 301. 



, their moral character, self-reliance, and in- 

 telligence, 301, 302. 



■ , their maps, and predilection for commercial 



pursuits, 302. 



, their voracity, and seasons of abundance and 



distress, 302, 303. 



, their depots of food, 302, 303. 



■ , their wars with the Kutchin Indians, 333. 



, their attack of Franklin's boats, 349. 



• , their hunting expeditions with Dr. Kane's 



party, 370. 



, their ravages on the Greenland coast, 383. 



Europe, treeless zone of, 18-24. 



Evil Spirit of the woods of the Laplanders, 157. 



Exiles, Siberian, 204, 205. 



, annual number of, 206. 



Eyjafialla, eruption of, in 1821, 96. 

 Eystein, King, his benevolence, 126. 



F. 



Faeroe Islands, chase of the black dolphin, or 

 " ca'ing" whale, in the, 61. 



Falkland Islands, climate of, 394. 



Famine, Port, rich vegetation of, 410, 414. 



Festuca of the Arctic regions, 20. 



Finback whales of Spitzbergen, 137. 



Finches in the Tundra in summer, 19. 



Finmark, trade and fisheries of the coast of, 129. 



Finnur Johnson, the Icelander, his "Ecclesiastical 

 History of Iceland," 98. 



Fir, difi^erent species of, in Europe, Asia, and Amer- 

 ica, 24. 



Fish, and fishing season of Iceland, 86. 



■ , abundance of, in Kamchatka, 255. 



of Newfoundland, 379. 



of Greenland, 387. 



Fish river, Great, Back's discovery of, 355. 



Fisher Lapps, account of the, 166. 



Fiskernasset, cod-fishery of, 388. 



Fitzroy, Captain, his surveys of Patagonia and 



Tierra del Fuego, 415. 

 Fjall Lappars, or Mountain Lapps, account of the, 



159. 



Flatey, eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 



Flat-fish, abundance of, on the coasts of Iceland, 87. 



Floki, the Viking, his visit to Iceland, 90. 



Flora of Spitzbergen, 136. 



Flowers of the Arctic regions, 20. 



of the island of St. Lawrence, 271. 



of Taimurland, 226. 



of Unalaschka, 269. 



Fogs of the Arctic seas in summer, 54, 



near the island of St. Lawrence, 270. 



off" Newfoundland, 380. 



Food, amount of, required by man in the Arctic re- 

 gions, 28. 



Forest regions, Arctic, 18. 



, extent of the, 22. 



, character of the trees of the, 24. 



, distinctive character of the forests, 25. 



, characters of the Arctic forests of the Miocene 



period, 28, 29. 



, legions of gnats in the, 25. 



, changes being effected by the agency of man, 



25. 



Forests, the, head-quarters of many of the Arctic 

 fauna, 41. 



, more in than above the earth inNovaZembla, 



153. 



of Newfoundland, 376. 



Forget-me-not found in Nova Zembla, 153. 

 Forster, Captain, his expedition to the Antarctic 

 sea, 393. 



Fossils, Arctic, in New Siberia, 203. 

 Foulke, Port, Dr. Hayes's winter at, 372. 

 Fox, the Arctic (Canis iagopus), its mode of protect- 

 ing itself from the most intense cold, 42. 

 Fox, the Arctic, its food and enemies, 42. 



• of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Nova Zembla, 154. 



found in Taimurland, 227. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



, black, of Siberia, value of the fur of the, 211. 



, the Brazilian (Canis Azarce), of Patagenia, 



419. 



, red (Julpes falvus), the, 211, 317. 



, value of the fur of the, 317. 



Fox Islands, discovery of the, 201. 



France, right of the people of, to fish on the banks 

 of Newfoundland, 379. 



Franklin, Lieut, (afterwards Sir John), his first 

 Arctic voyage, 344. 



, his first land journey, 346. 



. his second land journey to the shores of the 



Polar sea, 349. 



, loss of his first wife, 350. 



, his last voyage, 356. 



, searching expeditions sent for him, 356. 



, his fate and that of his companions, 362-364. 



Franklin Island, discovery of, 403. 



Eraser river, voyage of Mackenzie down the, 308. 



Frederick II,, King of Denmark, his expedition to 

 Greenland, 383. 



Frederick IV,, his foundation of the Finmark mis- 

 sion, 156. 



Friedrich, the Saxon bishop, introduces Christiani- 

 ty into Iceland, 92. 



