INDEX. 



Icebergs, " calvi ig " of, 54. 

 , crumbling of, 54. 



Ice- blink, description of the phenomenon of, 54. 



, its advantages to the Arctic navigator, 54. 



Ice-fields, 46. 



, hmnmocks on, 46. 



, collision of, 48. 



, dangers caused by. to ships, 48. 



Ice-grotto of Surts-hellir, 77. 

 Iceland, volcanic origin of, 68. 



, the country in winter and in summer, 68, 79. 



, sterile portions of the island, 69. 



, its inimL'nse ice-fields, 69. 



— — , its lava-streams, 69, 77. 



, the burnmg mountains of Krisuvik, 69. 



, the mud-caldrons and hot springs, 70. 



, the Great Gevsir, 71. 



, the Strokkr, 72. 



, crystal pools, 73. 



, the Almannagja, 73, 74. \ 



, the Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, 77. 



-, rivers and cascades of, 78. 



, influence of the ocean cuiTents on the cli- 

 mate, 78. 



, mean annual temperature, 79. 



• , absence of trees in, 79. 



, vegetation and condition of agriculture, 79. 



, indigenous land quadrupeds, 80. 



, cattle of the Ic jUnders, 8 J. 



, beverages, 80. 



• , mo le of shearing she-^p, 80. 



, characteristics ai^d number of horses, 80. 



, the reindeer, 80, 81. 



, the p lar hear, 81. 



• . the eider-duck, 81, 88. 



, the giant auk, 85, 86. 



— , Icelandic fish and fishing season, 86, 87. 



, hospitality of the people, 87. 



, minerals of the country, 88. 



, fuel used by the Icelanders, 88. 



, history of, 89. 



. Naddodr's discovery of the Ice Land, 89 ; 



which he named Snowland, 9 J. 

 • , circumnavigated by the pirate Gadar, and 



called i>y him Gardar's holm, 90. 

 ■ , visited by the viking Floki, and called by 



him Iceland, 90. 

 ■ , foundation of Eevkjavik bv Ingolfr and Leif, 



90. 



, exodus from Norway to, 91. 



• , introduction of the Norwegian language and 



customs, 91. 



, code of laws of UfHiot the Wise, 91. 



, the ancient Althing at Thingvalla, 91, 92. 



, inlroduction of Christianity into the island, 



92. 



, the golden age of Icelandic literature, 94. 



, history of, annexation of the island to Nor- 

 way, 95. 



, its subsequent misfortunes, 95. 



, volcanic eruptions, 95. 



, misery caused by the curse of monopoly, 97. 



, hope for the future of the islanders, 97. 



, account of the Icelanders of the present dav, 



98. 



, Skalkott, the former capital of tho island, 98. 



, the present capital, Reykjavik, 100. 



, state of trade in, 100. 



■ — — , the merchant and the peasant, 101. 



■ , temperate habits of the people, 101. 



, condition cf agriculture, 102. 



! Iceland, a harvest home. 102. 

 ' , winter life, 102, 108, 109. 



, huts of the Icelanders, 1U2, 103. 



, churches, 104. 



, clergymen all blacksmiths, 101 ; note, 106 ; 



their poverty, lUG-108. 



, the Ic. land poet, John Thorlakson, 107. 



, education of the ckrgvand children, 108, 109. 



, industry and thirst f(r knowledge of the peo- 

 ple, 109 ; their language, 109. 



, the library of Reykjavik, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literar}' Society, 110. 



, Icelandic newspapers, 110. 



, health of the people, 110. 



, difficulties and expense of travellhig, 110-113. 



moSS, eaten and exported by the Icelanders, 



79. 



moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, in the treeless zone, 21. 



Idols of the Samo'edes, 180. 

 Igloolik, island of, 348. 



Iligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and pas- 

 sion for music, 348. 



Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, 294. 



, their decimation by smallpox and drunken- 

 ness, 308. 



, efforts of the Hudson's Bay Company to civ- 

 ilize them, 312, 313. 



, the beaver skin their standard of exchange 



with the Company, 313. 



Irtglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359. 



, his discoveries, 365. 



Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland, 

 ami foundation of Reykjavik, 90. 



Innuits, the. se>^ a!so Esquimaux, 433, 467. 



, their character, 439, 461. 



, amusement of, 440. 



, their dwellings, 443, 457, 462. 



, distress in winter, 444. 



, seal, feasts of, 445. 



, mode of capturing seals, 446, 448, 452. 



, their dogs, 445, 450, 454. 



, their opinion of the bear, 451, 



, modf of hunting the walrus, 454, 



, their implements, 456. 



, mode of constructing an igloo, 457- 



I , th'^ir use of the reindeer, 458. 



! , their clothing, 460. 



, reindeer feasts, 459. 



i , food and mode of eating, 460. 



, their religious ideas, 460. 



i , treatment of the sick, 461. 



I , gradual extinction, 462. 



j Insects of Taimurland, 227. 



Iri h colonists on the Westman Islands, 115. 



Irkutsk, extreme cold of, 208. 



, Wrangell's visit to, 233. 



, summer flowers of, 233. 



Iron mines near Drontheim, 124. 



Isabella, Cape, discover}- of, 365. 



Ishemsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, the Isprawnik of, and his wife, 174, l76. 



Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of 

 th-, 18. 



Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, 98. 



Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eascern extrem- 

 ity of Nova Zeml)la, 150. 



Itiilmenes, cruelty of their conquerors, the Rus- 

 sians, 198. 



Ivan Wasiljewitsch T. , first Czar of Russia^ his de- 

 feat of the Tartars, 191. 



