798 



INDEX. 



North Pole, opinions of otlier scientific authorities 



as to the best way to reach, 374. 

 North-west passage lo India, attempts to discover 



the, 342, 343. 



■ , M'Clure's discovery of the, 360. 



■ Company of Canada, formation and trade of 



the, 307. 



• , its wars with the Hudson's Bay Company, 



and final amalgamatiim, 308-310. 

 Northumberlan 1 Sound, temperature of, 28. 

 Notothe.iia, the, of the Antarctic sea>=, 400. 

 Norway, the lemming of rhe Dovrefjeld, in, 42. 

 , an absolute monarchy e. tablished by Hi^rold 



Haarfager in, 90. 



, causes of the mild climate of the coast of, 121, 



, condition of the soil, and of the cultivators 



of it, 121-123. 

 , constitution of, and education of the people, 



121. 



, population of, 121. 



, coast si enery of, 123. 



, Diontheini and its industry, 124. 



, birds of the coast of, 124, 125. 



■ , tlie herring and cod tishcries of, 125-128. 



Nova Zembla, investigations of the shores of, 147. 



■ , circumnavigated by Pachtussow, 147, 148. 



■ , meteorological observations of Ziwolka, 150. 



• , the clima e of, 151. 



. , Von Baer's scientific jonrno}', 151. 



■ , sci 'utific results of his journey, 152, 153. 



■ , vegei^ation of, 153. 



• , solitude and silence of, 154. 



■ , rarity of inserts in, l.")4. 



• , lemmings and Coxes of, 154. 



. , birds of^ 154. 



, otlier animals of, 154, 155. 



. , wintering of the Dutch under Barentz at, 340. 



Novgorod, the Great, subdued by the Czar Ivan I., 

 191. 



Nowodsikoff, Michael, his discoveries, 201. 

 Nudibranchiata, enormous numbers oT, in the Polar 

 seas, 59. 



Nnllipores on the coast of Greenland. 59. 

 Nun, or Jilibeambaertje, the Supreme Being of the 

 Samoledes, 179. 



O. 



Obdorsr, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, description of the town, 188. 



, the fair at, 189. 



Obi river, importance of, 17. 



, barren grounds near the, 22. 



• ■, its importance to the Osiiaks, 185. 



, Castren's journey to the, 174. 



• •, misery caused b}' the overflow of the, 175. 



, inhabitants of the banks of the, 175. 



Ochota river, the, 246. 



Ochotsk, sea of, reached by a party of Cossacks, 

 195. 



, description of the town, 246. 



Olaf Truggeson, King of Norway, sends a mission- 

 ary to Iceland, 93, 94. 

 Olginsk, gold mine of, 218. 



Olonez, number of bears kilh d for their skins every 

 year in, 212. 



Ommaney, diptain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, his discovery of Franklin's first winter-quar- 

 ters, 357. 



Onkilon, or sedont iry Tchuktchi, 267. 

 , their mode of life, 267. 



Oraefa Jckul, height of, 69. 



, eruptions of, since the colonization of Iceland, 



95. 



Orange Island, visited by Barentz, 339. 

 Ore. See Grampus. 



Osborne, Captain Sherard, his opinion as to the 



metliod of reaching the North Pole, 374. 

 Ostiaks, their fishing-grounds on the Obi, 175. 



, their summer huts and mode of life, 185, 186. 



, th ir poverty, 186. 



, their winter huts, 186. 



, th ir attachment to their ancient customs, 



lt;6, 187." 



, their clans, and princes, or chieftains,^ 187. 



, their excellence as ai chers, 187. 



, their personal appearance, and custom's, 1P8. 



, annual tribute levied by Yermak, the robber, 



on them, 194. 

 , confirmed by the Czar in the possession of 



their lands, 199. 

 Ostrich, Darwin's, of Patagonia, 420. 

 Ostrownoje, town and fair of, '263-265. 

 Otter, the sea-, or kalan {En/,ydris lutris), value of 



the fur of the, 211,212. 



, description of, 211. 



, chase of the, in Kamchatka, 258. 



hunting of the Aleuts, 273. 



Otter, the fish- (Lufra Caimdtnsis), 317. 



, fur of the, 317. 



Owl, its favorite food, 43. 



, its winter in the highest latitudes, 43. 



Ox, the, in Iceland, 80. 



Oyster, most northeily limit where found, 126. 



P. 



Pachtussow, his cireumnavigation of the southern 

 island of Nova Zembla, 148. 



, his second voyage and death, 149, 150. 



Pack-ice, 46. 



, its tendency to separate in calm weather, 54. 



Paikoff, his discovery of the Fox Islands, 201. 

 Parrots of Patagonia, 420. 



Parrv, Lieut. VV. E. (afterwards Admiral Sir), his 



Aictic voyages, 344. 



, his second voyage, 348. 



, his third voyage, 349. 



, abandonment of the " Fury," 349. 



, his boat and sledge journey towards the Pole, 



350. 



, his subsequent career, 351. 



Parry, Mount, discovery of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, 373, 374. 



, Mountains, discover}^ of the, 403. 



P.isina river, scanty population of the, 220. 

 Patagonia, Captain Fitzroj^'s survey of, 415. 

 , the people of, 417, 420. 



, diff'-rence of climate between the east and 



west, 417. 



, aridity of the east of, 417, 418. 



, large rivers of, 418. 



, animals of, 418, 419. 



, introduction of tl;e horse, -424. 



, fashions of the Patagonians, 421. 



, their religious ideas, 421. 



, their superstitions and astronomical knowl- 

 edge, 422. 



, their division into tribes, 422. 



, their huts, 422. 



, their trading routes, 423. 



