INDEX. 



7G9 



Patagonians, their system of government, and great 



cacique, 423. 



, their arms, amusements, and character, 424. 



Paul, St., cliniiite of the island, 271. 



■ , chase of the sea-bear on the, 313. 



Paul the First, discovery of the Island of, 274. 

 Pekan, or woodshock (MarLs Canadensis), fur of 



the, 316. 



Penas, gulf of, glacier at the, 394. 

 Penguin, tlie, of the Antarctic seas, 395. 

 , its food, 397. 



Peimy, Master, his search for Franklin, 357, 358. 



Peruvian current, influence of the, 394. 



Petermann, Dr. Augustus, his view of the route to 

 the Pole, 374. 



Petrel, the giant (ProceUaria f/iffaiitea), of the An- 

 tarctic seas, 394. 



Petropavlosk, its population, 257. 



, unsuccessful attack of theEnglisli and French 



on, 256. 



Petschora river, 149. 



Philip's Lay, 409. 



Phipps, Captain (afterwards Lord Mulgrave), his 

 voyage to discover the north-west passage, 344. 

 Pipit {Anfhus prafensis), the, of Iceland, 81. 

 Plachina, Castren's residence and study at, 176. 

 Plover island, discovery of, 360. 

 Plovers of Iceland, 81. 

 Poland, the elk of, 39, 40. 



Pole, North, probable condition of the land (if any) 

 at the, 27. 



Popow, Fedor, his discovery of the gold fields of 

 Eastern Siberia, 214. 



Population of Norway, 122. 



Potato, cultivation of, in Norway, 124. 



Pribilow Islands, climate of, 271. 



, sea-lions and guillemots of, 271. 



, chase of the sea-bear, 274. 



Prontschischtschew, his fruitless endeavors to dou- 

 ble the capes of Taimurland, 200. 



, death of him and his wife, 20. 



Prussia, East, tiie elk of, 39, 40. 



Ptarmigan {Lagnpus alius), its residence in the high- 

 est latitudes in winter, 43. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, its summer visits to Taimurland, 227. 



in the Tundra in summer, 19. 



Pteropods, food for the Greeidand whale, 60. 



Puffins of Lovunnen island, 125. 



, mode of catching tiiem, 125. 



Punta Arenas, colony of Germans at, 416. 



Pustosersk, visit of Castren to, 171, 173. 



Pym, Lieut., his sledge journey of search for Frank- 

 lin, 360. 



R. 



Racoon {Procyon lotor), 315, 378. 



, value and trade in the skins of the, 316. 



Kae, Dr., his search for Sir John Richardson, 357. 



, his discoveries in the Arctic seas, 357. 



, his discovery of the fate of Franklin and his 



crew, 362. 

 Raipass, copper mines at, 128. 

 Ranunculus, snow (Ranunculus nivalis), of Nova 



Zembla, 153. 

 Rat, musk-. See Musquash. 

 Ravens of Iceland, 84. 



, in Scandinavian mythology, 84, 85. 



, superstitions of the Icelanders respecting the, 



85. 



Razor-bill, its nests on the most nortl.ern rocks, 07. 



Red-knife Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. 



Red-pole, the, of Spitzbergen, 137. 



Red 1 iver colony, destruction of the, 308. 



Red sharks of Iceland, 81. 



Reindeer, its summer and winter quaviers in the 



Arctic regions, 19. 



, food found by the, in Spitzbergen, 27. 



, its importance to man in ihe northern regions, 



31. 



, its formation and adaptation to the circusn- 



stances in which it is placed, 34. 



, clattering sound of its feet, 34. 



, its antlers, 34. 



I , its young, 35. 



, its milk, 36. 



I , its food and olfactorj' powers, B6. 



I , the caribou of North America, 36. 



, its geographical range in the Old and New 



World, 36. 



, its love of a cold climate, 36. 



, its services to man, 37. 



, its enemies, and disorders to which it is lia- 

 ble, 37, 38. 



, a nuisance in Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, the. pens of the Lapps, 160. 



, milking the, 160. 



, the, sledges of the Lapp-^, 161. 



, attempt made to acclimatize the, in Scotland, 



162. 



, ravages of wolves in herds of, 164. 



, rich Lapp owners of herds of, 164. 



, Lapp mode of killing the, 164. 



, its two annual migrations, 2 17. 



hunts of the Jukahires of tlie Aniuj, 237, 238. 



races of the Tchiiktchi, 266. 



hunting of the Esquimaux, 295. 



. the Kutchin Indian mode of pounding the, 



333. 



, chase of the, in Greenland, 388. 



Rensselaer bav, temperature of, in mid-winter, 19, 

 20. 



, Kane's winters at, 3Go, 369. 



Resanow, Jakin, his gold-fields, 214. 

 " Rescue," wrecl^ of the, 440. 

 Reykjahlid, boiling mud-caldrons of, 70. 

 Reykjavik, mean annual temperature of, 78. 



, the present capital of Iceland, 91. 



, account of, 99, 100. 



, the annual fair of, 100. 



, salary of the bishop of, 106. 



, schools and library of, 108, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literary Societj-, 110. 



Rhinoceros remains found on the coast of N 



ern Siberia, 203. 

 Richardson, Dr. (afterwards Sir John), his Arctic 



land voyages, 346, 349. 



, dreadful sufferings of the party, 346. 347. 



, his search for Sir John Franklin, 356. 



Rivers discharging their waters into the Polar 



ocean, 17. 

 of Iceland, 78. 



Rocky jNIountains, the wild sheep of the, 41. 

 Roebuck, near Lake Baikal, 40. 

 Rorquals, or fin-whales, habitat and size of the, 60. 

 , their food, 60. 



Rosmysslow, his investigations of the shores of 



Nova Zembla, 147. 

 Ross, Capt. (afterwards Sir John), Arctic voj'ages 



of, 344. 



