800 



INDEX. 



Eoss, Sir John, his second journey, 351. 



, his five years in the Arctic Ocean, 351-354. 



, liis return home and honors, 354. 



, Sir James, his Arctic voyages, 351. 



, his search for Franklin, 357. 



, his discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean, 402. 



, collision between his ships, the "Erebus" 



and "Terror," 405, 406, 



, his danger between two icebergs, 406. 



Eum, effects of, on an Iceland clergyman, 101. 

 Rupert's Land, held by the Hudson's Bay Conipany, 



310. 



Russia, character of the coniferse of, 23, 24. 



■ , the elk of the woods of the northern parts of, 



40. 



, conquest of, by the Tartars under Baaty 



Khan, 191. 



• , liberated from the Tartar yoke by Ivan I., 



191. 



, advances of, in Siberia, 195. 



■ , annexes the country of the Anioor, 196. 



, condition of the natives under the yoke of, 



197, 198. 



• , exiles from, to Siberia, 204-206. 



■ , value of the skins annually imported by, 212, 



213. 



, life and dwellings in Nishne-Kolymsk, 236. 



, first treaty of commerce between England 



and, 336. 



, Company, patent granted to the, to fish off 



Greenland, 138. 

 Russian Fur Company, account of the, and its trade, 



272. 



S. 



Sabine, Mount, discovery of, 402. 

 Sable, value of the, to the Cossack conquerors of 

 Siberia, 195. 



• , importance and beauty of the fur of the, 209. 



, hunting, 210. 



Sabriiia Land, discovery of, 401, 402. 



Sagamen, or historians, of Iceland, 94. 



Sajan Mountains, Castren's journey over the, 177. 



Salmon, Alpine (^Salmo alpinus), immense numbers 



of, in Nova Zembla, 155. 

 Salmon, shoals of, in the rivers of the Arctic regions, 



19. 



, abundance of, in Iceland, 87. 



, of the S3a of Ochotsk, 246, 247. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 255. 



Samoiedes, European, Castren's journey among the, 

 170. 



, their drunkenness, 171. 



, their impatience of confinement, 171-173. 



, their barbarism, 179. 



, their Supreme Being, Num, or Jilibeamhaert- 



je, 179. 



, their recourse to incantations, 180. 



, their idols, 180, 181. 



, their reverence paid to the dead. 181. 



, their mode of taking an oath, 182. 



, their personal appearance and habits, 182. 



, their wealth in reindeer, 183, 184. 



, their entire number in Europe and Asia, 184. 



, their traditions of ancient heroes, 184. 



, confirmed by the Czar in their possessions, 



199. 



, the companions of Von Middendorff" on his 



journey, 221, 225. 

 Siimund Erode, his Icelandic works, 94. 



Sand-bee (Andrena) of Nova Zembla, 154, 

 Sand-reed bread used in Iceland, 79. 

 Sarmiento, Pedro, his V(jyage, 414. 

 Sawina river, 148. 



Saxifragas, the, of the treeless zone, 20. 

 Scalds, or oards, of Iceland, 94. 

 Scandinavia, character of the coniferae of, 22. 

 Schalauruw, his jouinevs on the coast of Siberia, 

 201. 



Scharostin, his residence at Spitzbergen, 142. 

 Schelagskoi, Cape, rounded by Count Michael Stad- 



ucbin, 197. 



, reached by Schalaurow, 201. 



Scoresby, Dr., his visit to Spitzbergen, 132. 



, Captain, his near approach to the North Pule, 



344. 



, his voyage to Greenland, 385, 386. 



Scotia, Nova, discovered and culoniz.d by Green- 

 landers, 335. 



Scurvy in Spitzbergen, 140-142. 



, preservative against, 141. 



■ , Lapp mode of preventing the, 166. 



Sea, influence of the, on the severity of the Arctic 

 winter, 27. 



Sea, Antarctic, compared with the Arctic regions, 

 391. 



, absence of vegetation in the, 391. 



, causes of the inferiority of the Antarctic cli- 

 mate, 391, 392. 



, immensity of the icebergs of the, 392. 



, the Peruvian current, 394. 



, birds of the coasts, 394. 



, cetaceans, 397-399. 



, Austral fishes, 400. 



, voyages of discovery, 401. 



, storms and pack-ice, 404 et seq. 



Seas, Arctic, dangers peculiar to the, 45. 



, floating masses of ice, 45, 46. 



, ice-blink, 54. 



, summer fogs, 54. 



, clearness of the atmosphere and apparent near- 

 ness of objects, 55. 



, phenomena of reflection and refraction of the 



atmosphere, 55. 



, causes which prevent the accumulation of 



Polar ice, 55-57. 



• , the animals of the, 40, 43, 44, 59. 



• , Russian discoveries oflF the Siberian coast, 201 



et seq. 



, Von Middendorff's journey down the Taimur 



river to the Polar sea, 221. 



, Wrangell's nights on the Polar sea, 239. 



, his observations on the Polar sea, 240: 



, Matiuschkin's sledge journey, 241. 



, voyages of the English and Dutch, 335 et 



seq. 



Sea-bear of Bering's sea, 62. 

 Sea-eagles of the coast of Norway, 125. 

 Sea-elephant of the Antarctic Ocean, 398, 399. 

 Sea-gulls of the coast of Norway, 124, 125. 

 Sea-lion of Bering sea, 62. 



of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



Seal-fishing at Spitzbergen, 142. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



hunts of the Esquimaux. 295, 296. 



catching at Newfoundland, 381. 



hunting on the coasts of Greenland, 384; 446. 



Seals, the, of the Polar seas, 62. 



, their uses to man, 62, 446. 



, the Antarctic. 399, 400. 



, their igloos, 449. 



