802 



INDEX. 



Stonus on the White Sea, 169. 



of the Tundras, 172, 173. 



of the Arctic zone, 225, 226. 



off Newfonndland,'l8l.' 



■ in the Antarctic ocean, 404, 405. 



, th3 williwuws, or hurricane squalls, of the 



Strait of Magellan, 412. 

 StrogonofF, foundation of the Russian familv of, 192, 



193. 



Strokkr, description of the, 72. 

 Strongbow Indians of the Rocky Mountains, the, 

 327. 



Sukkertopp?n, seen b}^ Davis, 337. 

 Sulphur of Iceland, 88. 



, compared with that of Sicily, 88. 



Sunimer,the perpetual daylight of, o6. 



. fogs of, 54. 



■ in Taimurland, 225. 



Sun, the midnight, effect of, on icebergs, 50-52. 



Sunset, magnificence of a, 32. 



Surgut, Castren's visit to. 175. 



Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, description of, 77. 



Suslik, the, of Siberia, 212. 



• , value of its fur, 212. 



Svatoinoss, Cape, fossil ivory at. 202. 

 Sviatoi-noss, doubled by the Russians, 200. 

 Swans of Iceland, 8 ! , 84. 



T. 



Tabin, the imaginary Cape, of the Du'ch naviga- 

 tors. 339. 



Tadibes, or sorcerers of the Samoiedes, 180. 



, their dress and incantations, 180. 



Tagilsk, Nishne, the gold-producing town of, 219. 

 Taiga, melancholy character of th,^, 230. 



, gold-tields of the, 213. 



Taimur Lake, visited by Lieut. Laptew, 200. 



■ , storm on the, 223. 



Taimur river, visited by Lieut. Laptew, 200. 



, Von Middendorffs journey to the, 221-223. 



Taimurland, endeavors of Prontschischtschew to 



double the capes of, 200 



, Middendorff's adventures in, 220, 221. 



, his observations on the climate and natural 



productions of, 225. 



, amount of the fall of snow in, 225, 226. 



Tana river, discovery of the, by Jelissei Busa, 1D5. 

 Tarn Mount, Darwin's ascent of, 411. 

 Tartars, their subjection of the Russians, 191. 



• driven out by Ivan I., 191. 



■ permanently overthrown by Ivan II., 192. 



Tattooing, Cree Indian mode of, 323. 

 Tchendoma, th?, visited by Jelissei Busa, 195. 

 Tchuktchi, barren grounds in the land of the, 21, 



22. 



, the land of the. 262. 



, pipes of, 264. 



, their short summer, 262. 



, tiieir independence and commercial enterprise, 



263. 



ladies, Matiuschkin's visit to s' me, 265. 



, amusements of the people, 266. 



, the wandering and sedentary, 267. 



, their mode of life, 267. 



population of the land of the. 267. 



Tea-parties at Nishne-Kolymsk, 238. 

 Temperature of Rensselaer bay in mid-winter, 19, 

 20. 



■ , effect of the sea on, of the Arctic regioi.s, 27. , 



Temperature, influence of the winds on, 27. 



, former milder, of the Arctic regions, 29. 



, probable causes of the changes in the Arctic 



climate, 29. 



, the lowest ever felt by man, 28. 



, how man is enabled to bear extraordinary low, 



28. 



of Iceland at different places, 78. 



Tennvsou's Monument, Dr. Kane's description of. 

 367. 



Terror, Mount, 403. 



Terski Lapps, Castren's attempted journey to the, 

 170. 



Thangbrand, Christian missionary to Iceland, 9<i 

 94. 



Thingvalla, plain of, 76. 



, site of the ancient Icelandic Althing at, 91, 



92. 



, pastor of, 104. 



, church of, 105. 



Thingvalla Lake, in Iceland, 92. 

 Thiorsa river, in Iceland, 78. 



Thorlakson, Jon, the poet of Iceland, ajcount of 



him and his works, 107. 

 Thorne, Robert, his suggestion for sailing across the 



"North Pole, 342. 

 Thorwald the traveller, the first Christian Icelander, 



his career, 92, 93. 

 Tides, effect of the, in preventing the accumulation 



of Polar ice, 57. 

 Tinne Indians, defeated by the Crees, 319. 



, their retaliation, 320. 



, their wars with the Blackfeet, 320. 



, their wigwams, or tents, 324. 



, various tribes of the, and their range, 327. 



, their appearance, manners, and customs, 327- 



329. 



, improvements in their condition, 329, 330. 



, their wives and children, 330. 



, their cruelty to the aged, 330. 



Tjumen, the first settlement of Russians in Siberia. 

 195. 



, Stcller's grave at, 253. 



Tobacco, fondness of the Lapps for, 165, 167. 



, eagerness of the wild tribes of the North for, 



264. 



Tobolsk, battle of, 193, 195. 



, foundation of the cit}'^ of, 195. 



, condition of the southern part, 207, 208. 



Tolstoi Ness, Castren's visit to, 177. 



Tolstych, Adrian, his discoveries, 201. 



Tomsk, criminals of, 206. 207. 



Tornea, reindeer gloves of, 37. 



Torsteinson Jon, the martyr of the Westman Isl- 

 ands, 118. 



Tookoolito, 442,466, 768, 759, 761. 



Train-oil of Tromso, 128. 



Transbaikalia, Castren's visit to, 177. 



Travelling in Iceland, 110, 111. 



Treeless zone of Eui-ope, Asia, and America, 18-22. 



Treurenberg ba}', deer of, 187. 



Trolladyngja, eruptions of, since the colonization of 

 Iceland, 95. 



Tronso. cod-fishery and cod-liver oil of, 128. 



— ^ — , description of the town and island, 128. 



Tschirigow, his voyages, 201. 



Tucntnco (Ctenomys MaffeUanica), the, of Patagonia, 

 419. 



Tundri, or barren grounds of the Arctic regions, 18, 

 19. 



of the European Samoiedes, 171. 



