xviii 



CONTENTS 



CHAPTER XXII 



THE FLORA OF NEW ZEALAND : ITS AFFINITIES AND PROBABLE ORIGIN 



Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia — General Features 

 of the Australian Flora — The Floras of South-eastern and South-western 

 Australia — Geological Explanation of the Differences of these Two 

 Floras — The Origin of the Australian Element in the New Zealand Flora 

 — Tropical Character of the New Zealand Flora Explained — Species 

 Common to New Zealand and Australia mostly Temperate Forms — Why 

 Easily Dispersed Plants have often Restricted Ranges — Summary and 

 Conclusion on the New Zealand Flora , . . Pages 487 — 508 



CHAPTER XXIII 



ON THE ARCTIC ELEMENT IN SOUTH TEMPERATE FLORAS 



European Species and Genera of Plants in the Southern Hemisphere — 

 Aggressive Power of the Scandinavian Flora — Means by which Plants 

 have Migrated from North to South — Newly Moved Soil as Affording 

 'J'emporary Stations to Migrating Plants — Elevation and Depression of 

 the Snow-line as Aiding the Migration of Plants — Changes of Climate 

 Favourable to Migration — The Migration from North to Soiith has 

 been Long going on — -Geological Changes as Aiding Migration — Proofs 

 of Migration by way of the Andes — Proofs of Migration by way of the 

 Himalayas and Southern Asia — Proofs of Migration by way of the 

 African Highlands — Supposed Connection of South Africa and Australia 

 — The Endemic Genera of Plants in New Zealand — The Absence of 

 Southern Types from the Northern Hemisphere — Concluding Remarks 

 on the New Zealand and South Temperate Floras . Pages 509 — 530 



CHAPTER XXIV 



SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION 



The Present Volume is the Development and Application of a Theory — 

 Statement of the Biological and Physical Causes of Dispersal — Investi- 

 gation of the Facts of Dispersal — Of the Means of Dispersal — Of Geo- 

 graphical Changes Affecting Dispersal — Of Climatal Changes Affecting 

 Dispersal — The Glacial Epoch and its Causes — Alleged Ancient Glacial 

 Epochs — Warm Polar Climates and their Causes- — Conclusions as to 

 Geological Climates — How Far Different from those of Mr. Croll — 

 Supposed Limitations of Geological Time — Time Amply Sufficient both 

 for Geological and Biological Development — Insular Faunas and Floras 

 — The North Atlantic Islands — The Galapagos — St. Helena and the 

 Sandwich Islands — Great Britain as a Recent Continental Island — 

 Borneo and Java — Japan and Formosa — Madagascar as an Ancient 

 Continental Island — Celebes and New Zealand as Anomalous Islands 

 — The Flora of New Zealand and its Origin — The European Element 

 in the South Temperate Floras — Concluding Remarks 



Pages 531 — 545 



