554 



INDEX 



Excentricity and precession, diagram of, 

 129 



Excentricity, variations of, during three 

 million years, 171 



Excentricity a test of rival theories of 

 climate, 171 



Excentricity, high, its effects on warm 

 and cold climates, 198 



Extinct animals showing changes of dis- 

 tribution, 102 



Extinct birds of the Mascarene Islands, 

 436 



of New Zealand, 476 

 Extinction caused by glacial epoch, 122 



P. 



Families, restricted areas of, 29 



distribution and antiquity of, 68 

 Fauna and flora, peculiarities of British, 

 370 



Fauna of Borneo, affinities of, 380 

 of Java, 381 



of Java and Asia compared, 383 

 Faunas of Hainan, Formosa, and Japan 



compared, 407 

 Felis, 17, 26 



Ferns, alsundance of, in Mascarene flora, 

 445 



Ficus, fossil Ai'ctic, 186 

 P'ire-weed, the, of T?asmania, 513 

 Fisher, Rev. O., on temperature of space, 

 131 



Fishes, dispersal of, 76 



peculiar British, 340 



cause of great speciality in, 343 



mode of migration of fresh-water, 344 



fresh-water, of New Zealand, 484 

 Floating islands, and the dispersal of 



animals, 74 

 Flora of the Azores, 256 



of Bermuda, 271 



of the Galapagos, 288 



of St. Helena, 305 



of the Sandwich Islands, 321 ; pecu- 

 liar features of, 323 



peculiarities of the British, 360 



of Madagascar and the Mascarene 

 Islands, 439 



of Madagascar and South Africa 

 allied, 445 



of New Zealand, 487 



very poor, 488 



its resemblance to the Australian, 489 

 its differences from the Australian, 

 490 



origin of Australian element in, 498 

 tropical character of, explained, 500 

 summary and conclusion on, 506 



Floras of New Zealand and Australia, 

 summary of conclusion as to, 542 



Florida and Canada, resemblances of, 5 

 and Bahamas, contrasts of, 5 



Flowers, beautiful, in Madagascar, 440 



Fogs cut off the sun's heat in glaciated 

 countries, 145 



Forbes, Mr. D., analysis of chalk, 91 



Forbes, Mr. H. O., on plants of the 



Keeling Islands, 287 

 Forests, submerged, 335 

 Formosa, 400 



physical features of, 401 

 animal life of, 401 

 list of mammalia of, 402 

 list of land -birds peculiar to, 404 

 Fowler, Rev. Canon, on peculiar British 



coleoptera, 346, 349 

 Freezing water liberates low-grade heat, 

 145 



Fresh-water deposits, extent of, 97 



organisms absent in St. Helena, 304 

 snail peculiar to Ireland, 356 

 fishes of the Seychelles, 432 



Frogs of the Seychelles, 432 

 of New Zealand, 483 



Fuegia, European plants in, 521 



Fulica alai, 313 



Galapagos Islands, 275 

 Galapagos, absence of mammalia and 

 amphibia from, 278 



reptiles of, 278 



birds of, 280 



insects of, 284 



land-shells of, 284 



flora of, 288 



and Azores contrasted, 290 

 Galbula ajaneicollis, distribution of, 18 



rufoviridis, 18 



viridis, 18 

 Galeopithecus, 63 

 Gallinula sandvichensis, 313 

 Gardner, Mr. J. S., on Tertiary changes 



of climate, 203 

 Garrulus, distribution of species of, 20 

 Garrulus glandarius, 21, 23, 65 

 G. cervicalis, 21 

 G. krynicki, 21 

 G. atricapillus, 21 

 G. hyrcanus, 21 

 G. brandti, 21, 23 

 I G. lanceolatiis, 22 

 G. bispecularis, 22 

 G. sinensis, 22 

 G. tairanus, 22 

 G. japonicus, 22, 65 



Geikie, Dr. James, on interglacial de- 

 posits, 121 



Sir Archibald on stratified rocks 

 being found near shores, 87 



on formation of chalk in shallow 

 water, 96 



on permanence of continents, 104 



on variation in rate of denudation, 

 173 



on the rate of denudation, 215 

 on the small amount of mai'ine de- 

 nudation, 225 

 on age of buried river channels, 337 

 Genera, extent of, 17 

 origin of, 61 

 rise and decay of, 64 



