INDEX 



559 



New species, origin of, 56 



Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the 



Seychelles dove, 437 

 Newton, Professor, on recently extinct 



birds, 437 

 Newts, restricted range of, 30 

 New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 163 

 New Zealand, 471 

 geology of, 472 



form of sea-bottom around, 473 

 zoological character of, 473 

 mammalia of, 474 

 wingless birds of, 476 

 past changes of, 478 

 winged birds and lower vertebrates 

 of, 482 



deductions from peculiarities of 



fauna of, 484 

 period of its union with N. Australia, 



484 



the flora of, 487, 506 



origin of Australian element in the 



flora of, 498 

 tropical character of flora, 500 

 tropical genera common to Australia, 



501 



temperate species conmion to Aus- 

 tralia, 502 



route of Arctic plants to, 521 



European plants in, 501> 



endemic genera of plants in, 526 



great antiquity of, 526 

 Nordenskjold, Prof., on absence of per- 

 petual snow in N. Asia, 135 



on recent milder climate in Spitz- 

 l)ergen, 182 



on former Polar climates, 187 



on geology of Spitzbergen, 188 

 North America, glacial phenomena in, 

 116 



interglacial warm periods in, 121 



condition of, in Tertiary period, 194 

 Northern genera of plants in temper- 

 ate America, 521 



hemisphere, absence of southern 

 plants from, 527 



flora, hardiness of, 528 



O. 



Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 81 

 as affecting interglacial periods, 152 

 as determining climate, 153 

 effects of, in Tertiary times, 196 



Oceans, Darwin on permanence of, 100 

 fresh arguments for permanence 

 of, 105 



Oceanic and continental islands, 242 

 Oceanic islands a proof of the perman- 

 ence of oceans, 100 

 Oceanic islands, 244 



— the Azores, 247 



general remarks on, 329 

 Octodontidse, 27 

 (JEnanthe fiv.riatilis, 362 

 CEninghen, Miocene flora of, 183 

 CEiwthera odorata, on a railway bank, 

 614 



Oplirys apifera, temporary appearance of, 

 514 



Orchideaj, species have restricted ranges, 

 505 



Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and 

 Mauritius, 446 

 why almost universal in the tropics, 

 446 



Orders, distribution of, 30 



Organic change dependent on change of 



conditions, 225, 228 

 Oriental region, definition of, 44 



mammals and birds of, 44 



reptiles of, 45 



insects of, 45 

 Origin of new species, 56, 60 



of new genera, 61 



of the Galapagos flora, 289 



of the beetles of St. Helena, 298 



of the Australian element in the New 

 Zealand flora, 498 

 Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 341 

 Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 

 483 



Osprey, wide range of, 15 

 Ostriches, limitation of, 30 

 Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 475 

 Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28 



P. 



Palaiarctic Region, limits of, 39 

 characteristic features of, 41 

 Palaeozoic formations, depths of, round 



London, 218 

 Palm confined to Round Island, 444 

 Panax, fossil in Greenland, 186 

 Papilio, 17 



Paraguay , no wild horses or cattle in, 226 



Parnassius, Palaearctic, 42 



Parus ater, 19 



P. borealis, 19, 64 



P. britannkus, 321 



P. cnnUschatkensis, 19 



cinctus, 20 

 P. cceruleus, 20 

 P. cyayiexis, 20 

 P. cristatus, 20 

 P. ledouci, 20 

 P. lugubris, 20 

 P. major, 19 



P. 2)ahistris, 19 ; discontinuous area of, 65 

 P. (acredula) rosea, 340 

 P. teneriffce, 20 



Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 315 

 Past changes of New Zealand, 478 

 Payer, Ijieut., on evaporation of ice dur- 

 ing the Arctic summer, 140 

 Pecviliar fauna of New Zealand, deduc- 

 tions from, 484 

 Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 334 

 Pcnnula ccaudatu, in Sandwich Islands, 

 313 



Permanence of continents, summary of 

 evidence for, 103 



Permian formation, indications of ice- 

 action in, 200 



