CONTENTS. 



CHAPTER XIX. 



ANCIENT CONTINENTAL ISLANDS : THE MADAGASCAR GEOUP. 



Remarks on Ancient Continental Islands — Physical features of Madagascar — Biolo- 

 gical features of Madagascar — Mammalia — Reptiles — Relation of Madagascar to 

 Africa — Early history of Africa and Madagascar — Anomalies of distribution and 

 how to explain them — The birds of Madagascar as indicating a supposed Lemu- 

 rian Continent- Submerged Islands between Madagascar and India — Concluding 

 remarks on " Lemuria " — The Mascarene Islands — The Comoro Islands — The Sey- 

 chelles Archipelago — Birds of the Seychelles — Reptiles and Amphibia — Fresh- water 

 Fishes — Land Shells — Mauritius, Bourbon, and Rodriguez- Birds — Extinct Birds 

 and their probable origin — Reptiles — Flora of Madagascar and the Mascarene 

 Islands — Curious relations of Mascarene plants — Endemic genera of Mauritius and 

 Seychelles — Fragmentary character of the Mascarene Flora — Flora of Madagascar 

 allied to that of South Africa — Preponderance of Ferns in the Mascarene Flora 

 — Concluding Remarks on the Madagascar Group . . . Pages 383—420 



CHAPTER XX. 



ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : CELEBES. 



Anomalous relations of Celebes— Physical features of the Island— Zoological cha- 

 racter of the Islands around Celebes — The Malayan and Australian Banks — Zoo- 

 logy of Celebes : Mammalia— Probable derivation of the Mammals of Celebes- 

 Birds of Celebes — Bird-types peculiar to Celebes— Celebes not strictly a Conti- 

 nental Island— Peculiarities of the Insects of Celebes — Himalayan types of Birds 

 and Butterflies in Celebes— Peculiarities of shape and colour of Celebesian Butter- 

 flies— Concluding Remarks - Appendix on the Birds of Celebes . Pages 421 — 441 



CHAPTER XXI. 



ANOMALOUS ISLANDS : NEW ZEALAND. 



Position and Physical features of New Zealand — Zoological character of New Zea- 

 land—Mammalia—Wingless birds living and extinct— Recent existence of the 

 Moa — Past changes of New Zealand deduced from its wingless Birds— Birds and 

 Reptiles of New Zealand— Conclusions from the peculiarities of the New Zealand 

 Fauna Pages 442—456 



CHAPTER XXII. 



THE FLOEA OP NEW ZEALAND : ITS AFFINITIES AND PEOBABLE OEIGIN. 



Relations of the New Zealand Flora to that of Australia— General features of the 

 Australian Flora— The Floras of South-eastern and South-western Australia- 

 Geological explanation of the diiferences of these two floras — The origin of the 

 Australian element in the New Zealand Flora— Tropical character of the New 

 Zealand Flora explained— Species common to New Zealand and Australia mostly 

 temperate forms— Why easily dispersed plants have often restricted ranges — 

 Summary and Conclusion on the New Zealand Flora . . , Pages 457—476 



