CHAP. 11.] THE ELEMENTARY FACTS OF DISTRIBUTION. 



21 



British Isles and all Europe except the extreme north, extend- 

 ing also into North Africa, where it has been observed in many 

 parts of Algeria. It occurs near Constantinople, but apparently 

 not in Asia Minor, and in Russia, up to, but not beyond, the Urals. 

 The jays being woodland birds are not found in open plains or 

 barren uplands, and their distribution is hence by no means 

 uniform within the area they actually occupy. 



2. Garmdus cervicalis. — The Algerian jay, is a very distinct 

 species inhabiting a limited area in North Africa, and found in 

 some places along with the common species. 



3. Garrulus krynidd. — The black -headed jay, is closely 

 allied to the common species, but quite distinct, inhabiting 

 a comparatively small area in South-eastern Europe, and 

 Western Asia. 



4. Garrulus atricajnllus. — The Syrian jay, is very closely allied 

 to the last, and inhabits an adjoining area in Syria, Palestine, 

 and Southern Persia. 



5. Garrulus hyrcanus. — The Persian jay, is a small species 

 allied to our jay and only known from the Elburz Mountains in 

 the north of Persia. 



6. Garrulus hrandti. — Brandt's jay, is a very distinct 

 species, having an extensive range across Asia from the Ural 

 Mountains to North China, Mandchuria, and the northern island 

 of Japan, and also crossing the Urals into Russia where it has 

 been found as far west as Kazan in districts where the common 

 jay also occurs. 



7. Garridus lanceolatus. — The black-throated jay, is a very 

 distinct form known only from the North-western Himalayas 

 and Nepal, common about Simla, and extending into Cashmere 

 beyond the range of the next species. 



8. Garridus hispecidctris. — The Himalayan jay is also very 

 distinct, having the head coloured like the back, and not 

 striped as in all the western species. It inhabits the Himalayas 

 east of Cashmere, but is more abundant in the western than 

 the eastern division, though according to the Abbe David it 

 reaches Moupin in East Thibet. 



9. Garridus sinensis. — The Chinese jay, is very closely allied 

 to the Himalayan, of which it is sometimes classed as a 



