CHAP. XVIII.] 



JAPAN AND FORMOSA. 



369 



20. Grey wagtail, sub-sp. (J/oif««7/a 30. Golden e?ig\e{Aquilachrysaetos). 



melanope). 31. White-tailed eagle {Haliaetus 



21. Great spotted woodpecker (P/e«s albicilla), 



major). 32. Kestrel {Falco tinnunculus) . 



22. Great black woodpecker {Dry- 33, Hobby {F. suhbuteo). 



ocopus martins), 34. Merlin {F. msalon). 



23. Cnckoo {Cuculus canorus). 35. Veregrine ia]con {F.peregriims). 



24. Hoopoe {Upupa epops). 36. Greenland falcon {F. candicans). 



25. l^o(i\i-diO\Q {Columhalivia). 37. Osiprey {Pandion haliaetus). 



26. Hen harrier (Circus cyaneus). 38. Eagle owl (Bubo maximus). 



27. Gos-hawk (Astiir palumbarius). 39. Short-eared owl (Asio accipUri- 



28. Sparrow-hawk {Accipiter nisus). nus). 



29. Rough-legged buzzard (Biiteo 40. Long-eared owl {A. otus). 



lag opus). 



But these forty species by n<3 means fairly represent the 

 amount of resemblance between Britain and Japan as regards 

 birds ; for there are also wrens, hedge-sparrows, gold-crests, sedge- 

 warblers, pipits, larks, rock-thrushes, jays, and many others, 

 which, though distinct species from our own, have the same 

 general appearance, and give a familiar aspect to the ornithology. 

 There remains, however, a considerable body of Chinese and 

 Siberian species, which link the islands to the neighbouring 

 parts of the continent ; and there are also a few which are 

 Malayan or Himalayan rather tlian Chinese, and thus afford us 

 an interesting problem in distribution. 



The sixteen species and sub-species which are altogether 

 peculiar to Japan are for the most part allied to birds of INorth 

 China and Siberia, but three are decidedly tropical, and one of 

 them — a fruit pigeon {Treron sieholdi) — has no close ally nearer 

 than Java and the Himalayas. In the following list the affini- 

 ties of the species are indicated wherever they have been 

 ascertained : — 



List of the Species of Land Birds peculiar to Japan. 



1. Parus japonicus. A sub-species of P. palustris, very like Siberian 



varieties. 



2. Parus varius. Very distinct. It nearest ally is in Formosa. 



3. Hypsipetes amaurosis. A tropical genus. Allied to species of S. China 



and India. 



4. Garrulus japonicus. Allied to our European jay. In Niphon only. 



5. Garrulus lidthi. A very distinct and handsome species. (See Ibis 



1873/P.478.) 



