CHAP. XX.] 



CELEBES. 



429 



known to inhabit the island of Celebes itself. Considerably 

 more than half of these (ninety-four species) are peculiar to it ; 

 twenty-nine are found also in Borneo and the other Malay 

 Islands, to which they specially belong ; while sixteen are common 

 to the Moluccas or other islands of the Australian region ; the 

 remainder being species of wide range and not characteristic 

 of either division of the Archipelago. We have here a large pre- 

 ponderance of western over eastern species of birds inhabiting 

 Celebes, though not to quite so great an extent as in the mam- 

 malia ; and the inference to be drawn from this fact is, simply, 

 that more birds have migrated from Borneo than from the 

 Moluccas — w^hich is exactly what we might expect both from 

 the greater extent of the coast of Borneo opposite that of 

 Celebes, and also from the much greater richness in species of 

 the Bornean than the Moluccan bird -fauna. 



It is, however, to the relations of the peculiar species of 

 Celebesian birds that we must turn, in order to ascertain the 

 origin of the fauna in past times ; and we must look, to the 

 source of the generic types which they represent to give us this 

 information. The ninety-four peculiar species above noted 

 belong to about sixty-six genera, of which about twenty-three 

 are common to the whole Archipelago, and have therefore little 

 significance. Of the remainder, twelve are altogether peculiar 

 to Celebes ; twenty-one are Malayan, but not Moluccan or 

 Australian ; while ten are Moluccan or Australian, but not 

 Malayan. This proportion does not differ much from that 

 afforded by the non-peculiar species ; and it teaches us that, for 

 a considerable period, Celebes has been receiving immigrants 

 from all sides, many of which have had time to become modified 

 into distinct representative species. These evidently belong to 

 the period during which Borneo on the one side, and the Moluc- 

 cas on the other, have occupied very much the same relative 

 position as now. There remains the twelve peculiar Celebesian 

 genera, to which we must look for some further clue as to the 

 origin of the older portion of the fauna; and as these are 

 especially interesting we must examine them somewhat closely. 



Bird-types peculiar to Celebes. — First we have Artamides, one 

 of the Campephaginse or caterpillar-shrikes — a not very well- 



