INDEX. 



523 



New species, origin of, 55 



Newton, Mr. E., on short wings of the Sey- 

 chelles dove, 408 



Newton, Professor, on recently extinct birds, 

 408 



Newts, restricted range of, 30 

 New Zealand, recent glaciation of, 157 

 New Zealand, 442 

 geology of, 44o 



form of sea-bottom around, 443 

 zoological char icter of, 444 

 mammalia of, 444 

 wingless birds of, 447 

 European plants in, 447 

 past changes of, 448 



winged birds and lower vertebrates of, 

 453 



deductions from pecularities of fauna of, 

 454 



period of its union with N. Australia, 

 454 



the flora of, 457 

 route of Arctic plants to, 490 

 endemic genera of plants in, 494 

 great antiquity of, 494 

 Nordenskjtild, Prof., on absence of perpetual 

 snow in N. Asia, 131 

 on recent milder climate in Spitzbergen, 

 176 



on former Polar climates, 181 

 on geology of Spitzbergen, 182 



North America, glacial phenomena in, 112 

 interglacial warm periods in, 117 

 condition of in Tertiary period, 187 



Northern genera of plants in S. temperate 

 America, 489 

 hemisphere, absence of southern i^lants 



from, 495 

 flora, hardiness of, 498 



O. 



Oceanic islands a proof of the permanence 



of oceans, 97 

 Oceanic and continental islands, 234 

 Oceanic islands, 235, 238 



—the Azores, 239 



general remarks on, 310 

 Ocean-currents as carriers of plants, 79 



as affecting interglacial periods, 148 



as determining climate, 149 



effects of in Tertiary times, 190 

 Ocean, Darwin on permanence of, 97 

 Octodontidae, 26 

 (Eninghen, Miocene flora of, 177 

 (Enanthe fluviatilis, 339 

 (Enothera odorata, on a railway bank, 483 

 Oliver, Professor, on peculiar Bermudan 

 plants, 262 



Operculata, scarcity of in the Sandwich 



Islands, 304 

 Ophrtjs apifera, temporary appearance of, 



482 



Orchideae, species have restricted ranges, 

 473 



Orchids, abundance of, in Bourbon and 

 Mauritius, 416 



why almost universal in the tropics, 417 

 Orders, distribution of, 29 

 Organic change dependent on change of 



conditions, 218 

 Oriental Region, definition of, 43 



mammals and birds of, 44 



reptiles of, 45 



insects of, 45 

 Origin of new species, 55, 59 



Origin of new genera, 60 



of the Galapagos flora, 277 

 of the beetles of St. Helena, 239 

 of Australian element in the New 

 Zealand flora, 467 



Orkney, peculiar fishes of, 321, 323 



Orthonyx not a New Zealand genus, 453 



Osprey, wide range of, 15 



Ostriches, 28 



Otter-like mammal in New Zealand, 446 

 Overlapping and discontinuous areas, 28 



P. 



Pachyglossa aureoUmbata, 433 

 Palsearctic Region, limits of, 39 



characteristic features of, 40 — 42 

 Palaeozoic formations, depth of, round 



London, 211 

 Palm confined to Round Island, 415 

 Panax, 179 

 Papilio, 17 



Paraguay, no wild horses or cattle in, 219 



Parnassius, 41 



Parus ater, 19 



P. borealis,^ 19, 64 



P. britannicus, 321 



P. camtschatke7isis, 19 



P. cinctus, 20 



P. cosruleus, 19 



P. cyaneus, 19 



P. cristatus, 20 



P. ledouci, 19 



P. lugubris, 20 



P. major, 19 



P. palustris, 19 



P. palustris, discontinuous area of, 04 

 P. rosea, 321 

 P. teneriffce, 19 



Passeres of the Sandwich Islands, 302 

 Past changes of New Zealand, 443 

 Patula Eeiniana, 260 



Payer, Lieut., on evaporation of ice during 



the Arctic summer, 135 

 Petroselinum segetum on railway bank, 482 

 Perodicticus, 26 



Permian formation, indications of ice-action 

 in, 193 



Permanence of continents, summary of 



evidence for, 101 

 Pennula millei, 301 



Pengelly, Mr., on submerged forests, 315 

 Peculiar fauna of New Zealand, deductions 



from, 454 

 Philippine Islands, 361 



recent additions to fauna of, 301 



past history of, 361 

 Phryniscidae, 27 

 Phyllodactylus galapagensis, 269 

 Pliylloscopus borealis, range of, 15 

 Physical causes which determine distribu- 

 tion, 500 



features of Formosa, 372 

 Plniis abies in Grinnell Land, 178 

 Pica, 17 



Pickering, Dr., on the flora of the Sandwich 

 Islands, 306 

 on families absent from the Sandwich 



Islands, 306 

 on temperate forms on mountains of the 

 Sandwich Islands, 307 

 Pithecia monachus, 18 

 P. rvfibarbata, 18 

 Pitta, distribution of, 25 

 Plants, dispersal of, 77 



seeds of, adapted for dispersal, 78 



