INDEX. 



525 



Slug peculiar to Ireland, 338 



Snakes of the Galapagos, 269 

 of the Seychelles, 403 



Snake peculiar to Round Island, 410 



SnoY,^ and ice, properties of, in relation to 

 climate, 127 



Snow, efifects of on climate, 128 



quantity of heat required to melt, 129 

 often of small amount in high latitudes, 

 130 



never perpetual on lowlands, 131 

 conditions determining perpetual, 134 

 maintains cold by reflecting the solar 

 heat, 139 



Sncw-line, alterations of, causing migration 



of plants, 484 

 Sollas, Mr. J. W., on greater intensity of 



telluric action in past time, 216 

 South Africa, recent glaciation of, 157 



many northern genera of plants in, 492 

 its supposed connection with Australia, 

 493 



Southern plants, why absent in the Northern 



Hemisphere, 495 

 South American plants in New Zealand, 494 

 South Temperate America, 52 



climate of, 142 

 Southern flora, comparative tenderness of, 



496 



Space, temperature of, 125 



Specialisation antagonistic to diffusion of 

 species, 474 



Species, extinction of, 61 

 rise and decay of, 62 

 epoch of exceptional stabilitj' of, 225 

 dying out and replacement of, 380 

 preservation of, in islands, 381 



Specific areas, 14 



Spiranthes romanzoviana, 340 



Spitzbergen, Miocene flora of, 177 

 absence of boulder-beds in, 181 



Stability of extreme glacial conditions, 153 



Stainton, Mr. H. T., on peculiar British 

 moths, 325-330 



Stanivoi mountains, why not ice-clad, 149 



Starlings, genera of in New Zealand, 453, 

 456 



Stellaria media, temporary appearance of, 

 488 



Sternum, process of abortion of keel of, 408 

 Stow, Mr, G. W , on glacial phenomena in 



South Africa, 157 

 Stratified rocks formed near shores, 83, 85 



deposits, how formed, 211 

 Striated rocks, 104 



blocks in the Permian formation, 193 

 Strix flammea, 15 

 Struthiones, 31 



Struthious birds of New Zealand as indicat- 

 ing past changes, 449 



Stylidium, 179 



Submerged forests, 315 



Subsidence of isthmus of Panama, 146 



Sumatra, geology of, 359 



Sweden, two deposits of " till " in, 117 



Swimming powers of mammalia, 71 



Swinhoe, Mr, Eobert, researches in Formosa, 

 372 



Switzerland, interglacial warm periods in, 

 117 



Sylviadse, overlapping genera of, 28 



T. 



Talpidse, 41 



Tapirs, distribution of, 24 



former wide range of, S93 



Tarsius, 62 



Tarsius spectrum, 427 



Tasmania and North Australia, resemblance 

 of, 5 



route of Arctic plants to, 490 

 Taxodium distichum in Spitzbergen, 177 

 Temperate climates in Arctic Regions, 175 

 Australian genera of plants in New 



Zealand, 470 

 Australian species of plants in New 

 Zealand, 471 

 Temperature, how dependent on sun's dis- 

 ance, 125, 

 of space, 125 

 Tertiary glacial epochs, evidence against, 

 173 



warm climates, continuous, 182 

 Test of glaciation at any period, 169 

 Testudo abingdonii, 268 

 T. microphyes, 268 

 Tetraogallus, distribution of, 24 

 Thais, 42 



Thomson, Sir William, on age of the earth, 

 206 



Sir Wyville, on organisms in the 

 globigerina-ooze, 87 

 Thryothorus hewickii, discontinuity of, 66 

 " Till " of Scotland, 109 



several distinct formations of, 114 

 Tits, distribution of species of, 19 

 Torreya, 179 



Tortoises of the Galapagos, 268 

 Trade-winds, how modified by a glacial 



epoch, 137 

 Tragulidse, 27 

 Travelled blocks, 106 

 Tremarctos, an isolated genus, 28 

 Triassic warm Arctic climate, 195 

 Tribonyx not a New Zealand genus, 453 

 Trichoptera peculiar to Britain, 337 

 Trogons, 27 



Tropical affinities of New Zealand birds, 453 

 character of the New Zealand flora, cause 

 of, 469 



genera common to New Zealand and 

 Australia, 469 

 Turdus, 17, 25 



Turdus fuscescens, variation of, 57 



Tylor, A._, on evidence of floods during de- 

 posit of gravels, 116 

 on estimating the rate of denudation, 

 207 



Tyrannidae, 48 



U. 



Urania, 28 

 Ursus, 25 

 Uropeltidse, 29 



Urotrichus, distribution of, 25 



V. 



Variation in animals, 50 



amount of, in N. American birds, 57 

 Vegetation, local peculiarities of, 180 



effects of Polar night on, 191 

 Vesperugo serotinus, range of, 14 

 VireonidaB, 48 



Vireosylvia gilvus and V. swainsonii, 66 



W. 



Wallich, Dr, , on habitat of globigerinse, 90 

 Water, properties of in relation to climate, 

 127, 128 



