CONTENTS. 



ix 



logical Observations of Ziwolka. — Ths cold Summer of Nova Zembla. — Vcn Baer's scientific Voyage 

 to Nova Zembla. — His Adventures in Matoschkin Schar. — Storm in Kustin Schar. — Sea Bath and 

 votive Cross. — Botanical Observations. — A natural Garden. — Solitude and Silence. — A Bird Ba- 

 zar. — Hunting Expeditions of the Russians to Nova Zembla Page 147 



CHAPTER XII. 



THE LAPPS. 



Their ancient History and Conversion to Chi'istianity. — Self-denial and Poverty of the Lapland Clergy. 

 — ^Their singular Mode of Preaching. — Gross Superstition of the Lapps. — The Evil Spirit of the 

 Woods. — The Lapland Witches. — Physical Constitution of the Lapps. — Their Dress. — The Fj^lllap- 

 pavs, — Their Dwellings. — Store-houses. — Reindeer Pens. — Milking the Reindeer. — Migration. — 

 The Lapland Dog. — Skiders, or Skates.— The Sledge, or Pulka.— Natural Beauties of Lapland.— 

 Attachment of the Lapps to their Country.— Bear-hunting.— Wolf-hunting. — Mode of Living of the 

 wealthy Lapps.— How they kill the Reindeer. — Visiting the Fair. — Manmion Worship.— Treasure- 

 hiding. — "Tabak, or Braende." — Atfectionate Disposition of the Lapps.— The Skogslapp.— The 

 Fisherlapp , 156 



CHAPTER XII L 



MATTHIAS ALEXANDER CASTR^;N. 



His Birthplace and first Studies. — Journey in Lapland, 1838.— The Iwalojoki.— The Lake of Enara.— 

 The Pastor of Utzjoki. — From Rowaiiiemi to Kemi. — Second Voyage, 1841-44. — Storm on the 

 White Sea — Return to Archangel. — The Tundras of the European Samoiedes. — Mesen. — Universal 

 Drunkenness. — Sledge Journey to Pustosersk. — A Samo"ede Teacher. — Tundra Storms. — Abandon- 

 ed and alone in the Wilderness. — Pustosersk. — Our Traveller's Persecutions at Ustsylmsk and Ish" 

 emsk. — The Uusa. — Crossing the Ural. — Obdorsk. — Second Siberian Journey, 1845-48. — Overflow- 

 ing of the Obi. — Surgut. — Krasnojarsk, — Agreeable Surprise. — Turuchansk — Voyage down the 

 Jenissei. — Castren's Study at Plachina. — From Dudinka to Tolstoi Noss. — Frozen Feet. — Return 

 Vo3'-age to the South. — Frozen fast on the Jenissei. — Wonderful Preservation.— Journey across the 

 Chinese Fi-ontiers, and to Transbaikalia. — Return to Finland. — Professorship at Helsingfors. — Death 

 of Castren, 1855 168 



CHAPTER XIV. 



THE S A INI O i E D E S . 



Their Barbarism. — Num, or Jilibeambaertje. — Shamanism.— Samo"ede Idols. — Sjadici.- Ilahe. — The Ta- 

 debtsios, or Spirits. — The Tadibes, or Sorcerers. — Their Dress. — Their Invocations. — Their conjuring 

 Tricks. — Reverence paid to the Dead. — A Samoiede Oath. — Appearance of the Samoiedes. — Their 

 Dress. — A Samoiede Belle. — Character of the Samoiedes. — Their decreasing Numbers. — Traditions of 

 ancient Heroes 179 



CHAPTER XV. 



THE OSTIAKS. 



WTiat is the Obi? — Inundations. — An Ostiak summer Yourt.— Poverty of the Ostiak Fishermen.— A 

 winter Yourt.— Attachment of the Ostiaks to their ancient Customs.— An Ostiak Prince. — Archery. 

 — Appearance and Character of the Ostiaks. — The Fair of Obdorsk 185 



CHAPTER XVI. 



rONQXJEST OF SIBERIA BY THE RUSSIANS — THEIR VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY ALONG THE SHORES OF THE 



POLAR SEA. 



[van the Terrible. — Strogonoff. — Yermak, the Robber and Conqueror. — His Expeditions to Siberia.— 

 Battle of Tobolsk, — Yermak's Death. — Progress of the Russians to Ochotsk. — Semen Deshnew. — 

 Condition of the Siberian Natives under the Russian Yoke. — Voyages of Discovery in the Reign of 

 the Empress Anna. — Prontschischtschew. — Chariton and Demetrius Laptew. — An Arctic Heroine. 

 — Schalaurow. — Discoveries in the Sea of Bering and in the Pacific Ocean. — The Lachow Islands. — 

 Fossil Ivory. — New Siberia. — The wooden Mountains. — The past Ages of Siberia 191 



