CONTENTS. 



xiii 



CHAPTER XXXVII. 



THE ANTAKCTIC OCEAN. 



Comparative View of the Antarctic and Arctic Regions.— Inferiority of Cliinate of the former.— Its 

 Causes.— The New Shetland Islands.--South Georgia. — The Peruvian Stream.— Sea-birds.— The Gi- 

 ant Petrel.— The Albatross.— The Penguin.— The Austral Whale.— The Hunchback.— The Fin-back. 

 —The Grampus.— Battle with a Whale.— Tlie Sea-elephant.— The Southern Sea-bear.— The Sea- 

 leopard.— Antarctic Fishes Page 391 



CHAPTER XXXVIII. 



ANTARCTIC VOYAGI^S OF DIbCOVERY. 



Cook's Discoveries in the Antarctic Ocean. — Bellinghausen.— Weddell — Biscos.— Balleny. — Dumont 

 d'Urville. — Wilkes.— Sir James Ross crosses the Antarctic Circle on New Year's Day, 1841.— Dis- 

 covers Victoria Land.— Dangerous Landing on Franklin Island.— An Eruption of ]Mouiit Erebus.— 

 The Great Ice Barrier.— Providential Escape. — Dreadful Gale.— Collision.— Hazardous Passage be- 

 tween two Icebergs. — Termination of the Voyage 4U1 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 



THE STRAIT OF MAGELLAN. 



Description of the Strait. — Western Entrance. — Point Dungeness. — The Narrows. — Saint Philip's Bay. 

 — Cape Froward. — Grand Scenery. — Port Famine. — I he Sedger River. — Darwin's Ascent of Mount 

 Tarn. — The Bachelor River. — English Reach. — Sea Reach. — South Desolation. — Harbor of Mercy. — 

 Williwaws. — Discovery of the Strait by Magellan (October 20, 1521). — Drake. — Sarmiento. — Cav- 

 endish. — Schouten and Le Maire.— Byron. — Bougainville. — Wallis and Carteret. — King and Fitz- 

 roy. — Settlement at Punta Arenas. — Increasing Passage through the Strait. — A future Highway of 

 Commerce 408 



CHAPTER XL. 



PATAGONIA AND THE PATAGONIANS. 



Difference of Climate between East and West Patagonia. — Extraordinary Aridity of East Patagonia. — ■ 

 Zoology. — The Guanaco. — TheTucutuco. — The Patagonian Agouti. — Vultures. — The Turkey-buz- 

 zard. — The Carrancha. — The Chimango. — Darwin's Ostrich. — The Patagonians. — Exaggerated Ac- 

 counts of their Stature. — Their Physiognomy and Dress. — Religious Ideas. — Superstitions. — Astro- 

 nomical Knowledge. — Division into Tribes. — The Tent, or Toldo. — Trading Routes. — The great 

 Cacique. — Introduction of the Horse. — Industry. — Amusements. — Character.. 417 



CHAPTER XLL 



THE FUEGIANS. 



Their miserable Condition. — Degradation of Body and Mind. — Powers of Mimicry. — Notions of Barter. 

 — Causes of their low State of Cultivation. — Their Food. — Limpets. — Cyttaria Darwijii. — Constant 

 Migrations. — The Fuegian Wigwam. — Weapons, — Their probable Origin. — Their Number, and va- 

 rious Tribes. — Constant Feuds. — Cannibalism. — Language. — Adventures of Fucgia Basket, Jemmy 

 Button, and York Minster. — Missionary Labors. — Captain Gardiner. — His lamentable End 425 



CHAPTER XLH. 



CHARI-ES FRANCIS HALL AND THE INNUITS. 



Hall's Expedition.— His early Life. — His reading of Arctic Adventure. — His Resolve.— His Arctic Out- 

 fit. — Sets sail on the "George Henry." — The Voyage, — Kudlago. — Holsteinborg, Greenland. — Pop- 

 ulation of Greenland. — Sails for Davis's Strait, — Character of the Innuits.— Wreck of the "Rescue." 

 -— Ebierbing and Tookoolito.— Their Visit to England,— Hall's first Exploration. — European and In- 

 nuit Life in the Arctic Regions.— Building an Igloo, — Almost Starved.— Fight for Food with Dogs. 

 —Ebierbing ariives with a Seal.— How he caught it. — A Seal-feast,— The Innuits and Seals.— The 

 Polar Bear. — How he teaches the Innuits to catch Seals. — At a Seal-hole. — Dogs as Seal-hunters. — 

 Dogs and Bears. — Dogs and Reindeers. — Innuits and Walruses. — More about Igloos. — Innuit Imple- 

 ments. — Uses of the Reindeer. — Innuit Improvidence. — A Deer-feast. — A frozen Delicacy. — Whale- 

 skin as Food. — Whale-gum.— How to eat Whale Ligament. — Raw Meat, — The Dress of the Innuits. 



