738 



INDEX. 



Aurora borealis, terror of the Lapps at the, 157. 

 . , at Nulato, 281. 



Austin, Captain, his search for Franklin, 357. 



Avalanches of ice in Spitzbergen, 135. 



Awaklok and Myouk, their imprisonment on an 



iceberg, 298. 

 Awatscha Bay, sea-birds of, 255. 

 , its magnificence and extent, 256. 



B. 



Baaty Khan, his subjection of Russia, 191. 

 Bachelor river, the, 412. 



Back (Mr., afterwards Sir George), his Arctic voy- 

 ages, 346, 347, 349. 



, his search for Captain Boss, 354. 



, his discovery of Great Fish Kiver, 355. 



• , voyage in 1835, 355. 



Back's river, discovery of, 355. 



Badarany, desert of swamps, the, 234. 



Baer, Herr von, his scientific journey to Nova 

 Zembla, 151. 



Baffin, his voyages of discovery, 343. 



Baffin's Bay, probable influence of the northerly 

 winds on the depression of the temperature of, 

 27. 



Baffin's Bay, walruses of the coasts of, 64. 

 , discovery of, 343. 



Balleny, his discoveries in the Antarctic ocean, 401. 



Islands, discovery of, 401. 



Banks's Land, proofs of a former milder tempera- 

 ture in, 29. 



Bards, or Scalds, of Iceland, 94. 



Barentz, William, visit of, to Spitzbergen, 138. 



, his voyages of discovery, 339. 



, his winter in Nova Zembla, 340. 



, his death, 342. 



Barley, cultivation of, in Norway, 124. 



Barren grounds, barrens, or tundri, Arctic belt of 

 the, 18. 



, causes of their barrenness, 18. 



, their appearance in winter and in summer, 19. 



• , indistinct and irregular boundaries of the, 21. 



, those of Newfoundland, 377. 



Barrow Point, traffic of, 302. 

 Barter Reef, traffic of, 302. 



Bear, black, muskwa (Ursus americanus), value of 



the fur of the, 315. 



, description of him, 315, 318. 



, brown, of North America, 315. 



, value of the skins of the young brown bear, 



211. 



■ , grizzly, of the Rocky Mountains (JJrsus fe- 



rox), 315. 

 , his skin, 315. 



, the polar, his mode of hunting, 65, 446, 448. 



, his favorite food and mode of seizing it, 65, 



447, 450, 451. 



, anecdote of one, 65. 



, instances of his sagacity, 65. 



, parental care of the she- bear, 65. 



, her winter nursery, 65, 66. 



, her internal store of food for her hvbernation, 



66. 



, immense strength of claws and teeth. 66, 67. 



, his unwelcome visits to Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



of Nova Zembla, 149. 



, Lapp mode of hunting the, 164-166. 



, Esquimaux methods of hunting the, 163. 



Bear of Newfoundland, 378. 



, abundance of, in Kamchatka, 258. 



, sea-, value of the skins of the, in China, 374. 



, chase of the, in the Pribilow Islands, 274. 



families and battles, 274, 275. 



, the Austral sea-, 399. 



, hunted by dogs, 453. 



Bear Island, or Cherie Island, account of, 143, 



, climate of, 144. 



, walruses of, 144. 



, boat-voyages of Norwegian sailors from, 145. 



, discovery of, 340. 



• , surveyed by the Russians, 200. 



Beaver (Castor Jibe?-), its skin the standard of ex= 



change with the Canadian Indians, 313. 



, former enormous trade in the fur of the, 317. 



of Newfoundland, 378. 



Beaver Indians, their hunting-grounds, 327. 

 Bee, sand (Andrena), of Nova Zembla, 154. 

 Beech, Antarctic {Fagus betuloides), 410. 

 Beechey, Captain, his voyage to Bering's Straits, 



360. 



Beerenberg mountain, 146. 



Bering, Titus, never passed through the straits bear- 

 ing his name, 197. 



, his second vo3^age, 201. 



, his second vovage of discovery, 248, 249. 



, his bad conduct, 250. 



, his death, 252. 



Bering Island, Bering and Steller on, 251. 



Sea, description of the, 268. 



, barren lands at, 22. 



, seals and walruses of, 63, 64. 



, its climate, 269. 



, character of the shores of the, 270. 



, animals of the, 271. 



Bering's Straits, view of the Old and New worlds in 

 the, 271.' 



, Captain Beechey's voyage to, 350. 



Belcher, Sir Edward, his search for Franklin, 359. 



Bellinghausen, his discovery of the islands Paul the 

 First and Alexander, 401. 



Bellot, Lieut., his gallant search for Franklin, 359. 



, his death and monument, 362. 



Beluga, or white dolphin (Delphinus leucas), de- 

 scription of the, 61. 



, domain of the, 61. 



Beluga Bay, visit of Von Baer's party to, 151. 

 Bennet, Stephen, his visit to Bear Island, 143, 144. 

 Berry-gathering in Nishne-Kolymsk, 238. 

 Bilberries of the Arctic regions, 24. 

 Billings, voyage of, on the coast of Siberia, 201. 

 Birch, paper, value of the, in North America, 304. 

 Birch-trees in the Arctic regions, 24. 

 Birds, flights of wild, in summer months, in the 

 Tundra, 19. 



, tlieir migrations to and from high latitudes^, 



43, 44, 67. 



, the polar singing-bird, the snow-bunting, 43. 



, raptorial, of the Arctic regions, 43. 



■ , enormous numbers of, along the Arctic shores, 



67. 



, Icelandic, 81. 



of the coast of Norway, 124. 



of Spitzbergen, 133, 134, 137. 



• of Nova Zembla, 154. 



, a bird bazar, 154. 



, abundance of sea-fowl on the coast of Kam- 

 chatka, 255. 



; Esquimaux mode of bird-catching, 295. 



, abundance of, on the coast of Greenland, 388, 



