INDEX. 



739 



Birds of the coasts of the Antarctic sea, 394. 

 of Patagonia, 419. 



Birkarls, their final subjugation of the Lapps, 156. 



Bisooe, his discovery of Enderby Land, and of Gra- 

 ham Land, 401. 



Black death, ravages of the, in the North, 383. 



Blackfeet Indians, their wars with the Tinne and 

 Crees, 319, 320. 



Bloody Falls, on the Coppermine river, 294, 



Boats of the Esquimaux, 293. 



, the birch-bark canoes of North America, 304. 



Bogberries of the Arctic regions, 24. 



Booth, Sir Felix, his Arctic expedition, 251. 



Bougainville, his voyage through the Strait of Ma- 

 gellan, 414. 



Brandt, the Danish forester, his journey with Von 



MiddendorfF, 220. 

 Brandy, fondness of the Samoiedes for, 171-173. 

 drunk at Kolymsk, 238. 



Brant Ysbrantzoon, his voyages of discovery, 339. 

 Bread of the poor Icelanders, 79. 

 Bredal, Eric, his education of Lapps in Christianity, 

 156. 



Bridges, swing, of Iceland, 111. 



Browne, T. Ross, 74, 95, 104, 115. 



Buchan, Captain, his Arctic voyage, 344. 



Bunting, its migrations to and from the north, 43. 



, the Lapland (Centrophanes Lapponicus), lati- 

 tudes inhabited by the, 43, 44. 



Bunting, the snow, the polar singing-bird, 44. 



Bunting, its nest and food, 44. 



of Iceland, 81. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



Burglars, treatment of, in Russia, 206. 



Burrough, Stephen, his voyage to discover the 

 north-eastern passage, 336. 



Busa, Jelissei, his ascent of the rivers Lena and 

 Olekma, 195. 



, his discovery of the Tana, 195. 



, his residence among the Jukahirs, 195. 



Butter made from the reindeer milk, 36. 



Butterflies in Taimurland, 227. 



Bj^ron, Commodore, his voyage through the Strait 

 of Magellan, 414. 



C. 



Cabot, John and Sebastian, their re-discovery of 



parts of North America, 335. 



, their re-discovery of Newfoundland, 379. 



Canada, enterprise of the French settlers in, 3^6. 



, results of the English conquest of, 306. 



, history of the fur-trade of, 307. 



Cano, Sebastian el, his voyage round the globe, 413. 

 Canoes, birch-bark, of North America, 304, 305. 

 Cape, North, description of the, 129, 130. 

 Caribou, or reindeer of North America, range of 



the, 36. 



Carrancha, the, of Patagonia, 419, 420. 



Cartier, Jacques, his voyages, 335. 



Caryophyllag, the, of the treeless zone, 21. 



Cascades of Iceland, 78. 



Castor and Pollux river, discovery of, 356. 



Castren, Matthias Alexander, account of him and 



of his journeys, 168-378. 

 Catherine's Foreland, Queen, 409. 

 Cattle, value of, to the Icelands, 80. 

 Cavendish, his voyages, 414. 



Chancellor, his discovervof the passage from Eng- 

 land to the White Sea, 192. 



Chancellor, his voyage to discover the north-eastern 



route to China, 336. 



, his visit to Moscow, and subsequent fate, 336. 



Charles IX., King of Sweden, his kindness to the 



Lapps, 156. 

 Chatanga river, scanty population of the, 220. 



, Middendorff s journey to the, 220, 221. 



Chatangsk, Middendorff s journey to, 221. 



Cheese made from reindeer milk, 36. 



Cherie Island, account of, 144. 



Chess-players of the Tungusi, 246. 



Chickweed, the, on the Mary Minturn river, 20. 



Chimengo, the, of Patagonia, 419. 



China, Castren's journey over the mountains into, 



177. 



Chinese take the Russian fort of Albasin, 195 ; and 

 make the treaty of Nertschinsk with the Rus- 

 sians, 196. 



, the treaty broken by the Russians, who com- 

 pel the Chinese to give them the Amoor, 196. 



Chinga (Mephitis chingci), its foetid secretion, 316. 



Cliristiau IV., King of Denmark, his treatment of 

 the Lapp priests and sorcerers, 156. 



, his expedition to Greenland, 383. 



Christianity, introduction of, into Iceland, 92. 



Churches of the Icelanders, 104. 



Clavering, his voyage to Greenland, 386. 



Clergy of the Lapps, their poverty and self-denial, 

 157. 



, their sermons, 157. 



, those of Iceland all blacksmiths, 101, note^ 106. 



, their poverty, 106. 



Coal, does not exist in Iceland, 88. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



in Coal Bay, 145. 



Coal Bay, 145. " 



Cochlearia fenestrata, the only esculent plant in 



Spitzbergen, 136, 142. 

 Cod and cod- fishing of the coast of Iceland, 86, 87. 



, the, called stockfish, 87. 



, t-he cod-fishery of Norway, 125-130. 



, wretched state of the fishermen, 127. 



, exports of, to various countries, 129. 



, cod-fishery of Greenland, 388. 



, value of the cod-fishery of Newfoundland, 



379, 380. 



, mode of fishing and curing the cod, 380. 



, dangers of the fishery, 381. 



, immense numbers of, 381. 



Cod-liver oil of Tromso, 128. 



Collinson, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359, 

 361. 



Commodore Islands, chase of the sea-bear on the, 

 274. 



Condor, the, of Patagonia, 420. 



Coniferse, Arctic forests almost confined to the, 24. 



, difference between the European and Asiatic 



and American species, 24. 



Constitution, Cape, discovery of, 369. 



Cook, his attempt to discover the northwest pas- 

 sage, 344. 



Cook, Captain, his discovery of South Georgia, 393, 



, his Antarctic voyages, 401. 



Copper mines near Drontheim, 124. 



of Alton, 128. 



of Raipass, 128. 



Coppermine river, Dr. Richardson's voyage to the, 

 349. 



Cornelius Ryp, his voyages of discovery, 340, 341. 

 Cornelius Corneliszoon, his voyages of discovery, 

 339. 



