INDEX. 



743 



Grinnell Land, vegetation of, 20. 



• , Dr. Hayes's discoveries in, 372-374. 



Guanaco, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 Guano, circumstances which favor the deposit of, 

 418. 



Guillemot, on the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



Gulf Stream, influence of, on the south and Avest 



coasts of Iceland, 79 ; and on the climate of 



Norway, 121. 

 Gull, Ross's, distance north at which it has been 



seen, 67. 

 Gull, ivory, in Taimurland, 227. 

 Gustavus I., King of Sweden, his kind treatment 



of the Lapps, 156. 

 Gustavus Adolphus, his foundation of a school for 



the Lapps, 156. 



H. 



Haddocks, abundance of, on the coast of Iceland, 

 87. 



Hakon, King of Norway, his annexation of Iceland, 

 95. 



Hall, Charles Francis, his Arctic expedition, 433- 

 467. 



, James, his voyage to Greenland, 383. 



Hamnierfest, description of the town of, 129. 



, traffic of, 129. 



, the people of, 129. 



• , cargoes of walruses and seals brought from 



Spitzbergen, 143. 

 Hare, the fur of the, of Siberia, 212. 



, ice (Lepus glaciaLis), 317. 



found in Taimurland, 227. 



Hare Indians, hunting-grounds of the, 327. 

 -, their women, 328. 



Harold Haafager, or the Fair-haired, his establish- 

 ment of an absolute monarchy in Norway, liO. 



, exodus caused by his tyranny, 91. 



Harp-seal of the Polar seas, 62. 



Hatherton, Cape, discovery of, 365. 



Haven, Lieut, de, his search for Franklin, 357, 358. 



Hawks in the Tundra, in summer, 19. 



Hayes, Dr., his sledge journey over Kennedy Chan- 

 nel, 368. 



, his Arctic voyage in 1860, 372-374. 



, his opinion as to what may be done in the 



Arctic regions, 374. 



Hecla, eruptions of, since the colonization of Ice- 

 land, 95-97. 



"Hecla" and "Fury" Straits, discovery of, 348, 



Heemskerk, his voyages of discovery, 340. 



Heineson, Mogens, the " sea-cock," his voyage to- 

 wards Greenland, 383. 



Hepburn, John, the sailor, his overland journev, 

 346. 



Herald Island, discovery of, 360. 



Heimaey, or Home Island, description of, 116. 



Herring, the fishery of the coast of Norway, 125. 



, food for the rorqual, or fin-whales, 61. 



, abundance of the, on the coasts of Iceland, 



87. 



Hesperis, the, on the Mary Minturn river, 20. 



Hildringen, agriculture of, 124. 



Hobson, Lieut., his search for Franklin, 362, 364. 



Holme, the, of Norway, 124. 



Hood, Robert, his Arctic journe}^, 346. 



, murdered, 347. 



Horn, Cape, discovery of the passage round, 414. 

 Horse, the, in Iceland, 80. 

 of the Jakuts, 230-232. 



Hrafnagja, 75. 



Hudson, Henry, visit of, to Spitzbergen, 138. 



, his the first attempt to sail across the North. 



Pole, 342. 



, his subsequent voyages and discoveries, 342. 



, his melancholy end, 343. 



Hudson's Bay, barren lands of, 22. 



, characters of the Coniferse of, 24. 



, walruses of the coasts of, 64. 



, discovery of, 312. 



Hudson's Bav Companv, account of the fur-trade 

 of the, 304^ 



, the old coureur des bois and the modern voy- 



ageur of, 304, 305. 

 , history of the, 307. 



, formation of a rival companv, and subsequent 



amalgamation of the two, 307-310. 



, palmy days of the, 310. 



, its reconstruction in 1863, 310. 



, its trading-posts, and their management, 310, 



311. 



, its efforts to civilize the native tribes, 312. 



, the standard of exchange, the beaver-skin, 



313. 



, extent of the fur-trade of, 313. 



, account of the fur-bearing animals of the 



Territory, 313, 314. 

 Hudson river, discover}' of the, 342. 

 Hudson's Straits, Sebastian Cabot's discovery of, 



335. 



Humboldt Glacier, the Great, 50. 



, Kane's description of the, 367. 



Humming-bird on the peninsula of Aliaska, 269. 



in Newfoundland, 378. 



of Patagonia, 420. 



Huts of the Esquimaux, 293, 



of the Icelanders, 102. 



Hvalf), island of, 129. 

 Hvita river, in Iceland, 78. 



I. 



Ice, vast fields of, in the plateaus of Spitzbergen, 

 Greenland, and Nova Zembla, 27. 



, floating masses of, in the Polar seas, 45. 



, enormous extent of the Polar glaciers, 49, 50. 



causes which prevent the accumulation of 



Polar ice, 55, 56. 



, a bad conductor of heat, 57. 



— — , ice-fields of Iceland, 69. 



, glaciers, ice-clifts, and avalanches of Spitz- 

 bergen, 135, 136. 



, impediments oflfered by the hummocks to 



travellers on the Polar sea, 240. 



, icebergs of the Antarctic sea, 392. 



, ice-caves of Greenland, 390. 



— — , the great ice-barrier of the Antarctic Ocean, 

 403. 



, pack-ice of the Antarctic Ocean, 404, 405. 



Icebergs, 46. 



— — , forms and size of, 48. 

 , origin of, 48. 



, localities in which most of the icebergs of the 



North Atlantic are formed, 49. 

 , Dr. Hayes's description of, in a midnight sun, 



50. 



, how distinguished at night and in fogs, 52. 



, dangers of collisions with, 52. 



, protection to ships afforded by, 53. 



, dangers of anchoring to, 53. 



