744 



INDEX. 



Icebergs, " calving " of, 54. 

 , crumbling of, 54. 



Ice-blink, description of the phenomenon of, 54. 



, its advantages to the Arctic navigator, 54. 



Ice-fields, 46. 



, hummocks on, 46. 



, collision of, 48. 



, dangers caused by, to ships, 48. 



Ice-grotto of Surts-hellir, 77. 

 Iceland, volcanic origin of, 68. 



, the country in winter and in summer, 68, 79. 



, sterile portions of the island, 69. 



, its immense ice-fields, 69. 



, its lava-streams, 69, 77. 



, the burning mountains of Krisuvik, 69. 



, the mud-caldrons and hot springs, 70. 



, the Great Geysir, 71. 



, the Strokkr, 72. 



, crystal pools, 73. 



, the Almannagja, 73, 74. 



, the Surts-hellir, or caves of Surtur, 77. 



, rivers and cascades of, 78. 



, influence of the ocean currents on the cli- 

 mate, 78. 



, mean annual temperature, 79. 



, absence of trees in, 79. 



, vegetation and condition of agriculture, 79. 



, indigenous land quadrupeds, 80. 



, cattle of the Icelanders, 80. 



, beverages, SO. 



, mode of shearing sheep, 80, 



, characteristics and number of horses, 80. 



, the reindeer, 80, 81. 



, the polar bear, 81. 



, the eider-duck, 81, 88. 



, the giant auk, 85, 86. 



, Icelandic fish and fishing season, 86, 87. 



, hospitality of the people, 87. 



, minerals of the country, 88. 



, fuel used by the Icelanders, 88. 



, history of, 89. 



, Naddodr's discovery of the Ice Land, 89 ; 



"which he named Snowland, 90. 

 , circumnavigated by the pirate Gadar, and 



called by him Gardar's holm, 90. 

 , visited by the viking Floki, and called by 



him Iceland, 90. 

 , foundation of Eeykjavik bv Ingolfr and Leif, 



90. 



, exodus from Norway to, 91. 



, introduction of the Norwegian language and 



customs, 91. 



, code of laws of Uffliot the Wise, 91. 



, the ancient Althing at Thingvalla, 91, 92. 



, introduction of Christianity into the island, 



92. 



, the golden age of Icelandic literature, 94. 



, history of, annexation of the island to Nor- 

 way, 95. 



, its subsequent misfortunes, 95. 



■ ; volcanic eruptions, 95. 



, misery caused by the curse of monopoly, 97. 



, hope for the future of the islanders, 97. 



, account of the Icelanders of the present day, 



98. 



■ — -, Skalkott, the former capital of the island, 98. 



, the present capital, Reykjavik, 100. 



, state of trade in, 100. 



, the merchant and the peasant, 101. 



, temperate habits of the people, 101. 



, condition of agriculture, 102. 



Iceland, a harvest home, 102. 



, winter life, 102, 108, 109. 



, huts of the Icelanders, 102, 103. 



, churches, 104. 



, clergymen all blacksmiths, 101 ; note, 106 ; 



their poverty, 106-108. 



, the Iceland poet, John Thorlakson, 107. 



, education of the clergy and children, 108, 109. 



, industry and thirst for knowledge of the peo- 

 ple, 109 ; their language, 109. 



, the library of Reykjavik, 109. 



, the Icelandic Literary Society, 110. 



, Icelandic newspapers, 110. 



, health of the people, 110. 



, difficulties and expense of travelling, 110-113. 



moss, eaten and exported by the Icelanders, 



79. 



moss, food for the deer of Spitzbergen, 137. 



, in the treeless zone, 21. 



Idols of the Samoiedes, 180. 

 Igloolik, island of, 348. 



Iligliuk, the Esquimaux, her intelligence and pas- 

 sion for music, 348. 



Indians, Red, their enmity with the Esquimaux, 294. 



, their decimation by smallpox and drunken- 

 ness, 308. 



, eff'orts of the Hudson's Bay Company to civ- 

 ilize them, 312, 313. 



, the beaver skin their standard of exchange 



with the Company, 313. 



Inglefield, Captain, his search for Franklin, 359. 



, his discoveries, 365. 



Ingolfr, the Norwegian yarl, his visit to Iceland, 



and foundation of Reykjavik, 90. 

 Innuits, the, see also Esquimaux, 433, 467. 



•, their character, 439, 461. 



, amusement of, 440. 



, their dwellings, 443, 457, 462. 



, distress in winter, 444. 



, seal, feasts of, 445. 



, mode of capturing seals, 446, 448, 452. 



, their dogs, 445, 450, 454. 



, their opinion of the bear, 451. 



, mode of hunting the walrus, 454. 



, their implements, 456. 



, mode of constructing an igloo, 457. 



, their use of the reindeer, 458, 



, their clothing, 460. 



, reindeer feasts, 459. 



, food and mode of eating, 460. 



, their religious ideas, 460. 



, treatment of the sick, 461. 



, gradual extinction, 462. 



Insects of Taimurland, 227. 



Irish colonists on the Westman Islands, 115. 



Irkutsk, extreme cold of, 208. 



, Wrangell's visit to, 233. 



, summer flowers of, 233. 



Iron mines near Drontheim, 124. 

 Isabella, Cape, discovery of, 365. 

 Ishemsk, Castren's visit to, 174. 



, the Isprawnik of, and his wife, 174, 176. 



Islands within the Arctic Circle, barren grounds of 



the, 18. 



Isleif, the oldest chronicler of the North, 98. 



Issakow, of Kem, rounds the north-eastern extrem- 

 ity of Nova Zembla, 150. 



Italmenes, cruelty of their conquerors, the Rus- 

 sians, 198. 



Ivan Wasiljewitsch I., first Czar of Russia, his de- 

 feat of the Tartars, 191. 



