746 



INDEX. 



Kotlugja, eruptions of, since the colonization of 



Iceland, 95, 97. 

 Krasnojarsk, Castren's visit to, 175, 176. 



, extravagance of the gold aristocracy of, 218. 



Krenitzin, his discovery of the peninsula of Aljaska, 



202. 



Kresdowosdwishensk, produce of the gold mine of, 

 218. 



Krisuvik, burning mountains of, 69. 



Krotow, Lieutenant, lost off Nova Zembla, 147. 



Kutchin Indians, their dwelling-place, 331. 



, their personal appearance and dress, 831. 



— — , their medium of exchange, 331. 



, their women and children, 332. 



, their amusements, 332. 



, their wars with the Esquimaux, 333. 



, their suspicious and timorous lives, 333. 



• ^, their mode of pounding the moose-deer, 333. 



■ — — , their frequent distress, 334. 

 , their huts, 334. 



Kutchum Khan, his conquest of Siberia, 192. 



, defeated by Yermak the robber, at Tobolsk, 



193, 194. 

 , his revenge, 194. 



L. 



Labrador, barren lands of, 22. 



, effect of the icy seas and cold currents on the 



climate of, 22. 

 , discovered and colonized by Greenlauders, 



335. 



Lachow Islands, discovery of the, 202. 

 Lagarfliot river, in Iceland, 78. 

 Lakes of Newfoundland, 377. 



Lambert, M. Gustave, his opinion as to the route 



to the Pole, 375. 

 Lancaster Sound, discovery of the entrance to, 343. 

 Lapps, their history and conversion to Christianity, 



156. 



, poverty and self-denial of their clergy, 157. 



, their ancient gods and present superstitions, 



156, 157. 



,Evil Spirit of the woods, 157. 



, sorcery and witchcraft, 158. 



, their personal appeai'ance, 158. 



Lappars, the Fjall, or Mountain Lapps, 159. 



, their dwellings, 159. 



• — , their reindeer pens, 160. 



, their summer and winter encampments, 161. 



, their sledges and skates, 161. 



, natural beauties of their country, 162. 



, their love of home, 162. 



, their mode of hunting the bear and the wolf, 



163, 164. 



, the wealthy, and their mode of living^ 164. 



• , their annual visits to the fairs, 165. 



■ , their drunkenness, 165. 



, their worship of mammon, treasure hoard- 

 ing, 165. 



, their fondness for brandy and tobacco, 165. 



, their affectionate disposition, 166. 



, the Skogslappars, or Forest Lapps, 166. 



, the Fisher, 166. 



Laptew, Lieut. Cheriton, his explorations of the 



coasts of Taimurland, 200. 



, his explorations to the east of the Lena. 200. 



Larch, the, of Siberia, 24. 



, of the Hudson's Bay Territory, 24. 



Lawrence, St., climate and vegetation of the island 



of. 271 



Lava streams of Iceland, 69, 77. 



, streams of, thrown out by the great eruption 



of Skaptar Jokul, 95-97. 

 Laxaa, or Salmon river, abundance of fish caught 



in the, 87. 



Leif, the Norwegian jarl, his visit to Iceland, 90. 



, murdered by his Irish slaves, 91. 



Lemming, its habitat and food. 42. 



, exaggerations of Olaus Magnus and Pontop- 



pidan respecting the, 42. 



, its enemies, and accidents to which it is lia- 

 ble, 42. 



of New Siberia, 27. 



of Nova Zembla, 154. 



Lena river, ascended by the Cossacks, 195. 



, importance of the, 17. 



, barren grounds near the, 22. 



, Wrangell's journey down the, 233. 



Leprosy, or " likthra," of Iceland, 110. 



Lichens, gray, of the "barren grounds," 18. 



, food for the reindeer, 27. 



, the Lichen ranc/iftriims, the food of the rein- 

 deer, 36. 



of Nova Zembla, 153. 



of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



Liddon, Lieut. M,, his Arctic voj^ages, 345. 



Lindenow, Godske, his voyage to Greenland, 383. 



Lion, sea- {Otaria Sttlleri), value of the skin of the, 

 276. 



, the sea-, of the Antarctic Ocean, 399. 



Lister, Cape, discovery of, 385. 

 Lithuania, the elk of, 39. 



Loaisa, Garcia de, his voyage round the globe, 413. 



Lofoten Islands, the, 125. 



, cod-fishery of the, 125, 126. 



Looming objects in the Arctic regions, 55. 



Loschkin, the walrus-hunter, his voyage on the coast 

 of Nova Zembla, 147. 



Lostadius, the Lapp priest, his self-denial and pov- 

 erty, 157. 



Loucheux. See Kutchin Indians. 



Louis-Philippe Terre, discovery of, 402. 



Lovunnen, puffins of, 125. 



Lowenorn, his voyage to Greenland, 385. 



LUtke, Admiral, his endeavors to penetrate along 

 the coast of Nova Zembla, 147. 



Lychnis, purple, of the Arctic regions, 20. 



Lvnx, Canada, or pishu (J.ynx Canadensis)^ 317. 



— — , value of the fur of the, 212, 317. 



Lyon, Captain, his unsuccessful voj'age, 348. 



M. 



Mackenzie, Alexander, his voyages of discovery 



in North America, 308, 

 Mackenzie river, importance of the, 17. 



, forests and barren lands near the, 22. 



, influence of the southerly winds on the teni. 



perature of the valley of the, 27. 

 , discovery of the, 308. 



Maesnikow, Nikita, his gold-fields in Eastern Sib& 



ria, 214, 217, 218. 

 Magdalena Bay, description of, 133. 

 Magellan, Strait of, 408. 



, description of the, 408. 



, entrances to, 409. 



— — , opening into the Pacific, 411. 



, discovery of the, by Magellan, 413. 



, Sir J. Narborough's chart, 414. 



, Captains King and Fitzroy's surveys of, 415. 



