INDEX. 



75a 



Tundri, storms of the Tundras, 172. 

 Tung-ower, or hot spring at Reikholt, in Iceland, 

 70- 



Tungusi, the, their relationship to the Mantchou, 

 244. 



, their conquests and final subjugation by the 



Russians, 244. 



, tlieir intellectual development, 244. 



, their tribes and population, 244. 



, their wretchedness. 244. 



, their manners and customs, 245. 



Tunguska river, gold-fields of the Upper, 214. 

 Turkey-buzzard, the, of Patagonia, 419. 

 Turuciiansk, Castren's visits to, 176, 177. 

 Tyndall glacier, enormous size of, 50. 



U. 



Uffliot the Wise, his first code of laws in Iceland, 

 91. 



Unalaschka, climate of, 269. 



, vegetation of, 269, 270. 



, people of, 273, 



Union, Cape, Dr. Hayes's sledge voyage to, 373, 374, 



United States, right of, to fish on the banks of New- 

 foundland, 379. 



Ural Mountains, Castren's passage of the, 174. 



, first discovery of gold in the, 214. 



, quantity of gold found in the, 219. 



Ustsvlmsk, Castren's visit to, and ill-treatment at, 

 173, 174. 



Utzjoki, the pastor of, 169. 



Uusa river, Castren's journey up the, 174. 



V. 



Vaage, cod-fishery of, 126. 



, ancient importance of, 126. 



Vancouver's Island, placed under the management 



of the Hudson's Bay Company, 310. 

 Vapor balhs of the Cree Indians, 324. 

 Vare, the, of Norway, 124. 

 Vegetation, protection afforded by snow to, 19. 

 , distinctive characters of the Arctic forests, 



22-24. 



of the "barren grounds," 18, 21, 22. 



, length of time necessary for the formation of 



even small stems of trees in the Arctic regions, 



25. 



, harmless character of the Arctic plants, 25. 



, no land yet discovered in which it is entirely 



subdued by winter, 27. 

 , former, of the northern regions of the globr^, 



29. 



of Spitzbergen, 136. 



of Nova Zenibla, 152. 



of Taimnrland, 226. 



of Kamchatka, 254. 



of the Bay of Awatscha, 256. 



of the Pribilow Islands, 271. 



of Newfoundland, 376. 



of Greenland, 388. 



, absence of, in the Antarctic regions, 391. 



of Port Famine, 410. 



Verchnei Ostrog, in Kamchatka, built, 198. 

 Verazzani, his voyages, 335. 

 Vestfjord, cod-fishory of the, 126. 

 Victoria Land, discovery of, 402. 

 Videy, eider-ducks of, 81, 82. 



48 



Vigr, eider-ducks of, 83. 



, Mr. Shepherd's visit to, 83, 84. 



Vikings, their courage and discoveries, 89. 

 Virgins, Cape, 409. ' 

 Vogelsang, deer of, 137. 



Volcanic eruptions in Iceland since its colonization, 

 95. 



Volcanoes giving birth to Iceland, 68. 



, those now existing there, 69. 



, the Esk, on Jan Meyen, 146. 



, of Kamchatka, 256. 



, eruption of Mount Erebus, 403. 



Vole, field (^Arcicola ceconomus), indigenous to Ice- 

 land, 80. 



Voyageur, the, of North America, 304. 

 , his life and character, 304, 305. 



W. 



Walrus, or morse (Trichechus rosmarus), descrip- 

 tion of the, 62-64. 



, its affectionate temper, 64. 



, its parental love, 64. 



, its chief resorts and food, 64. 



fishing at Spitzbergen, 144. 



hunted on Bear Island, 144. 



of Nova Zembla, 155. 



hunting on the coast of Aliaska, 275. 



, pieces of skin of, a medium of exchange, 276. 



, Esquimaux mode of hunting it, 298. 



Washington Land. disco\ eiy of, 369. 



, Dr. Hayes's journey to, S73. 



Wassiljew, his visit to the Lena, 195. 



Waygatz, island of, the sacred island of the Samo:- 

 edes, 180. 



Weasel, the Siberian ( Viverra Siberica)^ the fur of, 

 211. 



Weddell, Captain, Ms Antarctic voyages, 401. 

 Weldcn, his visit to Bear Island, 144. 

 Wellington Channel, temperature of, 28. 



, discovery of, 345. 



Wenjamin, the Archimandrite, 170. 



Western, Thomas, preaches Christian it}' to the 



Lapps, 156. 

 Westman Islands, description of the, 114. 



, difficulty of access of ti e, 114. 



, how they became colonized, 115. 



, Heimaey, or Home Island, 116. 



■ , food and trade of the people, 117. 



, population and mortality of the children, 118. 



, their suflferings from pirates, 118, 119. 



Weymouth, his voyage to Hudson's Bay, 341. 

 Whale, the Greenland (^Balcena mysticetus), or 



smooth-back, 60. 



off Nova Zembla, 155. 



, the white, or beluga, 61. 



, the "ca'ing,," 62. 



, a stranded, at Spitzbergen, 133. 



, the fin-back, 59, 60. 



of Spitzbergen, 137. 



off Nova Zemlila, 155. 



, smooth-backed, of the Antarctic seas, 397. 



, sperm, of the Antarctic Ocean, 398. 



Whalers, their dangers, in tho Arctic seas, 48. 



, depressing effect of the summer fogs, 54. 



, their operations in the Polar seas, 59. 



, whale chases of the Aleuts, 275. 



, whale-hnnts of the Esquimaux, 295. 



, abundance of whalesin the Antarctic seas, 397. 



, battle between a whale and a grampus, 398. 



