160 



On the Thermal Sjjritigs of 



[No. 34, 



IV. — On the Thermal Springs of Calwa and Mahanandi in 

 the Kurnool proviiice. By Captain Newbold, F. It. S., 

 For. Mem. of the Philomathique and Geological Societies of 

 France, 8^c. 



Springs at Cahva. 

 Lat. N. 15" 38^ and Long. E. 78^ 16.' 



These fine springs are situated about 1| miles southerly from Oal- 

 wa, a large and old village in the heart of the Kurnool district, Lat. 

 N. 15° 38' Long. E. 78® 16' at the approximate height, by boiling 

 point of water, of 1,100 feet above the sea. The village of Calwa lies 

 at the S. E. extremity of an extensive horse-shoe shaped cul-de-sac 

 formed by two hilly spurs stretching out from the main chain of 

 the district towards the N. E. and E. N. E. The features of the 

 country extending between the sides of this cul-de-sac are those of a 

 plain intersected by rivulets about 5 miles broad at Calwa, but up- 

 wards of 11 where it opens upon the plain. The inclination is to 

 the N. E. as indicated by the course of the rivulets, the principal of 

 which take their rise in the hills forming the chief bend of the horse- 

 shoe ; — and after traversing its whole length, about 15 miles, and pass- 

 ing the end of the S. E. range they take a sudden turn to the south- 

 ward, unite and form the Khund river ; which, after watering the 

 plains of Nundiaul Dhur, falls into the Pennar near Camlapur. The 

 principal supply of the larger of the rivulets is derived from the ther- 

 mal springs which have their origin near the head of a picturesque glen 

 in the hills close behind and south of Calwa. 



The first spring is about a mile from the village and is received 

 into a stone tank ; its temperature is 89^^ 3. Fahrenheit. That of the 

 second, which is choked with weeds, is also retained by a stone tank 

 about 5 paces square and lies about J of a mile farther up the glen : 

 its temperature is 89°. That of the 3d and last, J of a mile farther, and 

 nearer the head of the glen, is 90*^, temperature of air in shade 78°. 

 This last from its greater copiousness, and higher temperature, is 

 held more sacred than the rest by the Hindus, who have built near 

 the margin a temple dedicated to Iswara, with the prefix of Bhuga, 

 in compliment to the spring or bhuga. An annual jatra takes place to 

 the temple and spring. The latter gushes out from the rock on the 

 side of the glen from several fissures, into a handsome stone tank 

 about 9 spaces square. The water is beautifully transparent, taste- 



