502 Sladsiics of the Circar of Dowlutahad. [No^ 30, 



, , . The rude appearance of the implements of hus 



Implements. * * ^ 



bandry are strictly in unison with its simple cha- 

 racter, raising our opinion of the Koonbees by the ingenuity and 

 patient perseverance they evince in their successful attempts to sup- 

 ply the place of more elaborate contrivance, which after all are not 

 adapted for India, where the cost of labor comparatively speaking 

 is so trifling : the great desideratum in this respect, being not to 

 supply an expensive or complicated machinery, but simply to 

 facilitate the operations of the field by improving such as are al- 

 ready found in use, what these implements are, we will now pro- 

 ceed to examine, 



pj^^^^j^ The plough or nangur is very primeval in 



appearance, possessing neither coulter nor mould 

 board. The instrument is a crooked log of wood, cut from the 

 baubul tree, bending nearly at right angles, and wedge-shaped. 

 The point that turns up the soil, or share, has an iron shoe, or, 

 in some instances, an iron bar fastened on the upper portion, 

 projecting slightly over the forepart, and fastened at the back 

 into the body of the plough : the whole kept secure by an iron hoop 

 that slides over all, to the upright body the beam is attached that 

 draws it, and the stilt or handle to guide its movements is fastened 

 in a perpendicular manner at the back part. The breadth of the 

 hinder part of the wedge shaped log performs very imperfectly the 

 offices of a mould board. The yoke which is' always clumsy and 

 unnecessarily heavy, is attached to the beam by means of a long 

 loop, rove through a moveable wooden collar, or block, that is placed 

 beneath the beam ; the loop passing over the yoke regulates the 

 angle of the beam, by being pulled tightly or loosely, according to 

 circumstances, a rope being fastened to the body of the plough for 

 this purpose, which leads through a ring attached to the loop. In 

 heavy lands four oxen are required to work, in the lighter ones but 

 two. The share penetrates the soil to the depth of from nine to 

 twelve inches. The whole machine costs about two Rupees. It is 

 not improbable but the form of the Indian plough is far better adapt- 

 ed for the country in general than any now in use in Europe. It 

 performs very effectually the object required, which is not so much to 

 raise a new soil to the surface, possibly of a crude and injurious na- 

 ture, as to expose the surface itself to the action of the air, which with 



