1849.] Slatisiics of the Circar oj Dowhitahad. 503 



the assistance of the bukkiir, or bullock hoe, it very thoroughly ef- 

 fects. 



The bullock hoe or bukkur is a most important 



Bullock Hoe. 



instrument in Indian husbandry, and serviceable both 

 fur stirring the top soil and cutting up the weeds. It has a broad 

 blade of iron fixed obliquely into a log of baubul wood about three 

 feet long with a handle rising straight up. In stiff soils it requires 

 two pair of bullocks to work it, cutting through the roots of weeds 

 to the depth of three or four inches below the surface. 



There is another species of bullock hoe differins: 



Double Bullock ^ 



i\oe or Dowra from the bukkur, bv having two blades instead of 



Koolpue. " _ 



one and of smaller dimensions. It is called the 

 " dowra," and is an instrument well adapted for weeding drilled 

 crops, and earthing up young plants. 



The drill plousrh or " charra" has been in use 



Drill Plough or , 



- Charra Tiffan. from very early periods, and being particularly well 

 adapted for the soil is generally employed : admitting of the dowra 

 to destroy the weeds very readily as well as to loosen the earth 

 between the rows. This implement consists of a bowl-like recep- 

 tacle for receiving the seed into which the hollow bamboos are 

 inserted for conveying the seed into the furrows, which are made 

 by three small shares attached to the body of the instrument, behind 

 which the opening of each several bamboos is placed. The value of 

 such an instrument varies from 2 to 3 rupees. 



The carts are vei-v awkward and unwieldy ma- 



Carts. • •' 



chines, particularly those in use about hilly dis- 

 tricts : axle-trees are made of wood, and the wheels of the hill carts 

 are generally wooden discs, encircled by a rim of iron. The body is 

 a solid piece of timber of the breadth of the cart and rests upon the 

 axle-trees which are attached to it by two wooden pins. Upon this 

 two long pieces of timber extend horizontally, situated in the centre, 

 and not very far apart, supporting the frame-work of the machine 

 •which is square : two poles having their ends passed through the 

 body and pinned, are lashed together, and form the beam to which 

 the bullocks are attached. A cart is able to carry thirty niaunds, 

 and costs about forty rupees. 



