BY THE ANCIENT HINDUS. 



207 



The Kamandakiya (VIII, 22-23) ascribes to Usanas the 

 observation that the sphere round a king consists of twelve 

 other kings of whom 4 are enemies, 4 friends and 4 neutrals. 



A king X, e.g., is surrounded by three circles A, B, C, and in 

 these circles resides one king in each of the four direc- 

 tions of the compass. Immediate neighbours are always 

 hostile to each other, thus a king of the A line is an enemy 

 to his neighbour in the B line, and the same feeling animates 

 B towards his neighbour in C. As X is an enemy to the 

 kings of the A line and the latter are enemies to the kings 

 living in the B circle, X and the B kings become friends by 

 being bound together by their hostility to the A kings, and 

 X and the C kings are neutrals as, they have no interest in 

 common, being too distant from each other. This very idea 

 is well expressed in the Sukraniti, IV, I, 17-1 8. 80 



The whole Sukraniti is divided into four sections with a 

 fifth supplementary section at the end. 



The first section treats on the duties of a king ; the second 

 on the position of the crown prince ; the third mainly on 

 income and expenditure on servants and wages ; the fourth 

 is divided into seven chapters, treating respectively 1, on 

 friendship and (enmity), 2, on the treasury, 3, on administra- 

 tion, 4, on revenue, arts and science, 5, on social laws, 6, on 

 fortresses, and 7, on the army. 



This last chapter is given afterwards entirely. It begins 

 with a definition of the word army, goes on to state the 

 different character of the troops ; the mode of their move- 

 ments, whether they march on foot, ride on horses and 



so See Kamandakiya, VIII, 22, 23. 



22. Udaslno madhyamasca vijiglsostu mandalam 

 usana mandalam idam praha dvadasarajakam. 



23. Dvadasanam narendranam arimitre prthak prthak; 

 and Sukraniti, IV, I, 17, 18. 



17. Asamantat caturdiksu sannikrstasca ye nrpah 

 tatparastatpara ye'nye kramat hlnabalarayah. 



18. Satrddaslnamitrani kramat te syustu prakrtah 

 arirmitram udaslno' nantarastatparasparam. 



