96 Remarks on the Bhilsa Topes. [No. 11, NEW series. 



1. YXo/3ioi, from the Sanscrit alobhiya, "without desire;" 

 that is, the Bodhisatwa, who had suppressed all human passions. 



2. lal^acoi, the " physicians," which I take to be a slight 

 corruption of TJgalticoi, for Prati/eka, the third class of Bud- 

 dhists ; who, as they mixed much with the people, would no 

 doubt have generally acted as physicians, as the Christian monks 

 have done in later days. 



3. En ail at, or " beggars," equivalent to the Bhikshu, or men- 

 dicant monk of the Bhuddists. 



" NowKleitarchos was one of the companions of Alexander ; and, 

 as he did not advance into India beyond the Hyphasis, or Byas 

 River, his distinct mention of the different classes of the Bauddha 

 community seems (to me at least) conclusive, that the religion of 

 Saltya had not only become prevalent in Gangetic India, but that 

 it had reached the Punjaub at the period of the Macedonian in- 

 vasion, B. C 330. 



" Let me add that a still earlier mention of the Buddhists may, 

 I think be found in Herodotus ; who, writing about B. C. 420, 

 shortly after the assembly of the second Synod says, — " There are 

 other Indians, who, differing in manners from those before men- 

 tioned put no animal to death, sow no grain, have no fixed habi- 

 tations, and live solely upon vegetables." The name of this class 

 of Indians is not given by Herodotus ; but it is preserved by Ni- 

 colaus Damascenus, who calls them Aritonii, the same, I believe, 

 as the Sanskrit Arhanta. Now Arhanta is a title of the Bodhi- 

 satwa, one of the classes of the Bauddha community which ob- 

 served all the peculiarities attributed by Herodotus to the Aritonii. 

 They were prohibited from taking life ; they sowed no grain ; but 

 begged their daily bread; they had no fixed habitations, and lived 

 wholly upon vegetables." 



Now it is obvious that these were not Bauddhas because theBaud- 

 dhas had no caste ; the severe rule of Buddha enjoined mendicancy, 

 and a subsistence only on food obtained by begging. The various 

 separations, voluntary or forced, were occasioned by dissatisfaction 

 with the strictness of the rule. When a considerable number had 

 joined in this dissatisfaction, the result was a solemn convocation ; 

 always ending in confirming the rule of the founder, and expelling 



