Professor Buhlee, on the Sanskrit Lingucds. 12G 



"We now come to c sh the fourth letter which helps 

 to swell the numbers of the Unguals. ' Sh,' firstly, whether 

 radical or a substitute* for ch, 9, 9c, x, or j, becomes t, if it 

 is the final of a word or if it immediately precedes the ' s' 

 of the termination of the locative plural or hard consonants 

 except e t,' 1 th' and s. Before soft consonants it is changed 

 to d, and if the following consonant is ' d,' or \ dh,' which 

 are the initials of a grammatical termination, these letters 

 likewise become lingual. 



Ex. 1.) Dvish nom. sing, dvit, loc. plur. dvitsu : upayaj 

 1. plur. upayatsu oprach 1. plur. °pratsu. 



2. prach + vivaka=pradvivaka, elvish + dhi=dviddhi 2. 

 pers. sing. imp. Par. vevi9 + dhi=vevish -h dhi=veviddhi : 

 pa/prach + dhi == paprash + dhi = papraddhi : cax -j- dhvam= 

 cash + dhvam=caddhvam 2 pers. plur. imp. At. 



Sometimes one of the two soft Unguals produced accord- 

 ing to the above rule is rejected and then a preceding 1 a' 

 becomes 'o,'*f* other vowels may be lengthened. Thus 

 shash -f da9a makes shoda9a instead of shadda9a, shash -f dan- 

 ta shodanta \ instead of shaddanta, and shash + dha either 

 shaddha or shodha. Similarly ' nidha,' as the corresponding 

 Gothic 1 nist' and English ' nest' prove, stands for nishda, 

 nidda. It is most probably derived from the root sad f to 

 sit' with prefix ' ni, 1 clown,' and the old nisada meant lite- 

 rally " a place for sitting downfa,)." Also the root pid ' to 

 torment, to squeeze' seems to have undergone a similar 

 change, as it appears to be contracted from pi -f- sad ' to sit 

 upon.'§ The prefix f pi' is the mutilated form api and 



* It is commonly said, that "x, qc, c, ch and j are treated as if they 

 were sh." But in reality these letters were first changed to ' sli' and then 

 to ' t' and f d,' Panini YItl, 2, 36 adopts also the latter view. For the 

 full details on the subject see Benfey Vollst. Skt. Gr. § 66. 



f Compare sodha=sah+ta and ashadha=ashah-f-ta. 



X See Vaj. Sanh. prat. Ill, 46. 



(r/) But compare the Slav, gnezdo, the first syllable of which the late. 

 Dr. Siegfried thought might be=yej/os Gaxas.—jGV/, 

 § Compare Greek 7ri-e£uj=7ri-€8-yoj, 



