12 



ON THE CLASSIFICATION 



animals, one must be conversant with their peculiar mode 

 of expression, for the same movement might not signify the 

 same thing, as every one is aware that, e.g., a dog by wag- 

 ging his tail indicates a very different frame of mind from 

 that which a cat betrays by a like movement. In the same 

 way also the signs for calling with the hand vary among 

 men. 



The inward character and disposition appear, as it were, 

 outwardly translated by language, whether by gestures or 

 by speech. As articulate speech is a speciality of men, and 

 men, though differing from each other in external appearance 

 and internal attributes, are as a species one, and as speech 

 is peculiar to all human individuals unless they are deprived 

 of it by some cause or other — every person is able to speak 

 up to a certain degree every language. The language of the 

 individual is the product of various elements — of the family 

 in which he is born, of the language of the country in 

 which he is brought up, modified moreover by the natural 

 influences of the locality and the climate in which he lives. 

 As a separate individual, every man is besides endowed 

 with an intellect of his own which will occasionally appear 

 on the surface. We distinguish clearly two very different 

 influential elements which produce and define the speech 

 of the individual ; the one, influencing the utterance of sound, 

 is physiological ; the other, representing the manner of think- 

 ing, is psychological. 18 As two leaves exactly alike do not 

 exist ; so also cannot be found two completely similar 

 persons. But the principle of speech is to serve as a means 



(18) "What applies to the individual applies also mutatis mutandis to a number 

 of individuals, to families, clans, races and nations. Between different 

 nations may exist a near relationship, they may have even been descended 

 from one and the same stock, and yet have been in course of time, by external 

 or internal political circumstances, so affected that the original kinship 

 existing between them is no more visible. Compare the descendents of the 

 Franks who emigrated into G-aul, with the offspring of those who remained 

 in Germany, with the Franconians ; 



