48 



ON THE CLASSIFICATION 



the words for male and female, shinrang and kynthai, must 

 be added, and Para shinrang stands for brother, Para 

 hynthai for sister. In Mandengo Ba din (mother's child) 

 is equivalent to consanguinity, Ba din he (mother-child-man) 

 means brother, Ba din muso (mother- child- woman) sister. 51 

 The Turkish Karindash (from Karn womb, and dash fellow) 

 is a womb-fellow, ErheJc karindash (or karindash alone) 

 male- womb -fellow is brother, Kiz karindash female-womb- 

 fellow, sister. In the same manner we find in Sumerian 

 Sis (most likely for Us-sis) used for brother, and Rak-sis for 

 sister. Children who live together under their parents' 

 protection, differ from each other principally in sex and age. 

 The distinction of sex is the more important of the two. 

 It separates the children in two classes. Subdivisions 

 are then effected by age. The distinction between Seniors 

 and Juniors is acknowledged. The eldest -or senior is the 

 head of the family. The juniors become in their turn the 

 successors of their seniors, unless the laws of succession are 

 specially altered. The senior has only juniors beneath 

 himself, and the youngest junior only seniors above him. 

 If there are, e. g., in a Tamulian family only two brothers, 

 the first is called annan and the other tambi ; if there are 

 three the youngest calls his eldest brother either as before 

 annan } or muttannan or periannan (big elder brother) ; if 

 there are four, the first remains what he is, the second is 

 called nad-ilannan (middle elder brother), and the third 

 iiruannan (small elder brother) ; if five the second be 

 termed iranddvadiiannan (second elder brother), the third 



uses in this sense {e.g., pro Ligario, 33 : moveat te germanitas). But 

 germanitas (from germen) refers originally to relationship on the male side. 

 Livius XL. 8 describes it as the kinship existing between the half-brothers 

 Perseus and Demetrius, the sons of Philippus III. of Macedonia. 



(51) See " Comparative Vocabularies of some of the principal Negro 

 Dialects of Africa," by Rev. John Leighton Wilson, in the first volume of 

 the Amer. Oriental Society's Journal, page 360; and Dr. H. Steinthal's 

 " Maude Xcger Sprachen," page 199. 



