50 



ON THE CLASSIFICATION 



This amalgamation of age with the expressions of consan- 

 guinity is fatal to the adoption of abstract terms equivalent 

 to brother and sister. The irresistible influence which time 

 exercises on everything prejudices the application of terms 

 which include age in their definition. 



Even the genderless terms of consanguinity just men- 

 tioned cannot be considered to express fully the abstract 

 sense of consanguinity. For a stricter examination will 

 disclose the fact that they do not describe the affinity of 

 brother and sister in the sense in which it is generally used, 

 as children of the same father and mother, but that they 

 are only applicable to children of the same mother. The 

 Mandengo and Turkish terms prove this distinctly ; the same 

 is the case with the Dravidian languages, for the terms 

 used in 



Tamil are respectively Kudappirandavan 54 and Kudappirandaval, 



or Udanpirandavan, or Udc^npirandaval ; 

 Malayalam „ Utappirannavan and Utappirannaval ; 



Canarese „ Ktidahuttidavanu Kudahuttidavalu ; 



Tehigu. „ Todaputtinavadu „ Todaputtinadi ; 



and they denote a male or female who is born from the 

 same mother; expressions synonymous with the Sanskrit 

 Sahodara (Sodara) and Sagarhha. 



A strangely intricate system of nomenclature arises in 

 many concrete languages from the separation of children 

 according to sex. The relationship existing between 

 brothers and brothers on the one and sisters and sisters on 

 the other side is the same. An elder brother is exactly in 

 the same manner related to his younger brother, as an elder 

 sister is to her younger sister, and vice versa (see plate No. 2). 



The identical genderless terms of consanguinity (Ge- 

 schwisterschaft) apply therefore to elder brothers and sisters 

 as well as to younger brothers and sisters. The expression 



(54) "Kuda" and u udan" mean " with." 



